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Class 12 IT & ITES (NSQF) 2026 Complete Revision

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Class 12 IT & ITES (NSQF) 2026 Complete Revision

Table of Contents

100 IMPORTANT POINTS – HBSE Class 12 IT & ITES (2026 Final Revision Notes)
(Concise, exam-oriented, last-minute revision friendly)

🟥 PART 1 – ERP & BPO (1–15)

  1. ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning.
  2. ERP integrates all business departments.
  3. Main ERP modules: Finance, HR, Sales, Manufacturing.
  4. ERP improves coordination.
  5. ERP reduces duplication of work.
  6. BPO stands for Business Process Outsourcing.
  7. BPO reduces operational cost.
  8. BPO improves efficiency.
  9. MIS stands for Management Information System.
  10. MIS helps in decision making.
  11. Procurement means purchasing goods/services.
  12. Procurement starts with identifying need.
  13. Payroll software calculates salary and tax.
  14. SCM means Supply Chain Management.
  15. CRM means Customer Relationship Management.

🟧 PART 2 – DBMS & SQL (16–35)

  1. DBMS stands for Database Management System.
  2. DBMS reduces data redundancy.
  3. DBMS ensures data consistency.
  4. DBMS provides data security.
  5. Schema means structure of database.
  6. Degree = number of columns.
  7. Cardinality = number of rows.
  8. Primary key must be unique.
  9. Foreign key creates relationship between tables.
  10. NOT NULL prevents empty values.
  11. UNIQUE allows only distinct values.
  12. SELECT retrieves data.
  13. INSERT adds records.
  14. UPDATE modifies records.
  15. DELETE removes records.
  16. DROP removes table permanently.
  17. ORDER BY sorts records.
  18. DDL commands define structure.
  19. DML commands manipulate data.
  20. .ods is extension of Calc file.

🟨 PART 3 – Software Engineering (36–55)

  1. SDLC means Software Development Life Cycle.
  2. First stage of SDLC is Requirement Analysis.
  3. Last stage is Maintenance.
  4. Prototype model is used when requirements are unclear.
  5. Waterfall model follows sequential approach.
  6. Black box testing checks input/output.
  7. White box testing checks internal code.
  8. Alpha testing is done by developers.
  9. Beta testing is done by users.
  10. Software engineering improves reliability.
  11. Corrective maintenance fixes errors.
  12. Adaptive maintenance handles environment changes.
  13. Perfective maintenance improves performance.
  14. Preventive maintenance avoids future problems.
  15. Requirement engineering identifies user needs.
  16. Validation ensures right product is built.
  17. Verification ensures product is built right.
  18. Testing reduces software defects.
  19. Software engineering reduces development cost.
  20. Good documentation improves maintenance.

🟩 PART 4 – Python & Data Structures (56–75)

  1. Stack follows LIFO principle.
  2. Queue follows FIFO principle.
  3. Push adds element to stack.
  4. Pop removes element from stack.
  5. Exception occurs at runtime.
  6. raise keyword generates exception.
  7. ModuleNotFoundError occurs when module not found.
  8. r mode is for reading file.
  9. w mode overwrites file.
  10. a mode appends data.
  11. r+ mode reads and writes.
  12. seek() moves file pointer.
  13. datetime.now() returns current date and time.
  14. IoT stands for Internet of Things.
  15. IoT connects devices through internet.
  16. Gyroscope measures rotation.
  17. Temperature sensor measures heat.
  18. Smart homes use IoT devices.
  19. Digital carbon footprint comes from digital usage.
  20. Blockchain is decentralized digital ledger.

🟦 PART 5 – Management & Soft Skills (76–100)

  1. Management is goal-oriented process.
  2. Functions of management: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Controlling.
  3. Communication is two-way process.
  4. Communication elements: Sender, Message, Receiver, Feedback.
  5. Noise disturbs communication.
  6. Feedback confirms understanding.
  7. Active listening requires concentration.
  8. Logical learners prefer reasoning.
  9. Interpersonal learners prefer group learning.
  10. Knowledge is theoretical understanding.
  11. Skill is practical ability.
  12. Entrepreneur takes risks.
  13. Entrepreneur performs innovation.
  14. Green jobs protect environment.
  15. Sustainable development protects future generations.
  16. Payroll ensures salary accuracy.
  17. BPO provides customer support.
  18. ERP integrates data centrally.
  19. DBMS ensures data integrity.
  20. SDLC improves software quality.
  21. Testing ensures defect-free system.
  22. Prototype improves client satisfaction.
  23. IoT improves automation.
  24. Blockchain ensures secure transactions.
  25. Good communication improves organizational success.

🟥 ERP, BPO & MIS (1–10)

  1. What is ERP?
    👉 ERP is software that integrates all business processes into one system.
  2. Write two components of ERP.
    👉 Finance and Human Resource.
  3. What is the objective of ERP?
    👉 To improve coordination and efficiency.
  4. What is BPO?
    👉 BPO means outsourcing business processes to external companies.
  5. Write one benefit of BPO.
    👉 It reduces operational cost.
  6. What is MIS?
    👉 MIS is a system that provides information for decision-making.
  7. What is procurement?
    👉 Procurement is the process of purchasing goods and services.
  8. What is payroll management?
    👉 It is the system of calculating employee salaries and taxes.
  9. Expand SCM.
    👉 Supply Chain Management.
  10. Expand CRM.
    👉 Customer Relationship Management.

🟧 DBMS & SQL (11–20)

  1. What is DBMS?
    👉 DBMS is software used to manage databases.
  2. Write one advantage of DBMS.
    👉 It reduces data redundancy.
  3. What is database schema?
    👉 Schema is the structure or design of a database.
  4. What is a primary key?
    👉 A primary key uniquely identifies each record.
  5. What is a foreign key?
    👉 A foreign key links two tables.
  6. Define degree.
    👉 Degree is the number of columns in a table.
  7. Define cardinality.
    👉 Cardinality is the number of rows in a table.
  8. What is SELECT statement?
    👉 SELECT retrieves data from a table.
  9. What is ORDER BY clause?
    👉 ORDER BY sorts records in ascending or descending order.
  10. What is DDL?
    👉 DDL defines the structure of database objects.

🟨 Software Engineering (21–30)

  1. What is SDLC?
    👉 SDLC is the process of developing software in stages.
  2. First phase of SDLC?
    👉 Requirement Analysis.
  3. Last phase of SDLC?
    👉 Maintenance.
  4. What is prototype model?
    👉 It is a model used when requirements are unclear.
  5. What is black box testing?
    👉 Testing based on input and output only.
  6. What is white box testing?
    👉 Testing of internal code structure.
  7. Define software engineering.
    👉 It is the systematic development of software.
  8. What is corrective maintenance?
    👉 It fixes errors after deployment.
  9. What is adaptive maintenance?
    👉 It modifies software due to environment changes.
  10. What is requirement engineering?
    👉 It identifies and documents user needs.

🟩 Python, Stack & IoT (31–40)

  1. What is stack?
    👉 Stack is a data structure based on LIFO.
  2. Which principle does stack follow?
    👉 Last In First Out (LIFO).
  3. What is push?
    👉 Push adds an element to stack.
  4. What is pop?
    👉 Pop removes an element from stack.
  5. What is an exception?
    👉 An exception is a runtime error.
  6. Purpose of raise keyword?
    👉 It generates a user-defined exception.
  7. What is r mode?
    👉 r mode is used to read a file.
  8. What is seek() used for?
    👉 It moves the file pointer.
  9. What is IoT?
    👉 IoT connects devices through the internet.
  10. What is blockchain?
    👉 Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger.

🟦 Soft Skills & Management (41–50)

  1. Define management.
    👉 Management is the process of achieving goals through planning and control.
  2. Name two functions of management.
    👉 Planning and Organizing.
  3. What is communication?
    👉 Communication is the exchange of information.
  4. What is feedback?
    👉 Feedback confirms understanding of a message.
  5. What is active listening?
    👉 Active listening means listening with full concentration.
  6. Who is an entrepreneur?
    👉 An entrepreneur is a person who starts and manages a business.
  7. One function of entrepreneur?
    👉 Risk bearing.
  8. What is digital carbon footprint?
    👉 Carbon emission caused by digital device usage.
  9. What is green job?
    👉 A job that helps protect the environment.
  10. What is sustainable development?
    👉 Meeting present needs without harming future generations.

🔥 HBSE CLASS 12 IT & ITES

📊 2023–2025 TREND ANALYSIS (MOST REPEATED TOPICS)

🟥 1️⃣ VERY HIGH REPEAT TOPICS (3/3 Years)

These topics came in 2023, 2024 and 2025 continuously 👇

✅ 1. ERP

  • Components of ERP (2023, 2024)
  • Types of ERP (2024)
  • Advantages/Disadvantages (2023, 2024)
  • Full form (All 3 years – objective)

👉 Prediction 2026: ERP is 100% sure topic

✅ 2. Management

  • Definition (2023, 2024)
  • Process of Management (2024)
  • Characteristics (2024)
  • Organizing function (2023)

👉 Management theory questions are very stable.

✅ 3. BPO

  • Services of BPO (2023, 2024)
  • Benefits of BPO (2024)
  • Full form (2023, 2024)

👉 BPO = Regular 5 mark + 3 mark zone.

✅ 4. Learning & Learning Styles

  • Lifelong learning (2023)
  • Logical learning style (2023, 2024)
  • Interpersonal learning (2024)
  • Factors affecting learning (2024)
  • Active listening (2025)

👉 Soft skills + learning is now permanent section.

🟧 2️⃣ HIGH FREQUENCY TOPICS (2 Years Continuous)

✅ 5. DBMS / Database

  • Advantages & Disadvantages of DBMS (2025)
  • Applications of Database (2025)
  • Schema (2025)
  • Degree & Cardinality (2025 objective)
  • Calc extension & file related (2024, 2025)

👉 Database weightage increasing in 2025.

✅ 6. SQL

  • SELECT command (2025)
  • ORDER BY clause (2025)
  • DDL command (2025 objective)

👉 SQL practical theory questions increasing.

✅ 7. Software Engineering

  • SDLC (2025)
  • Software Engineering Need (2025)
  • Requirement Engineering (2025)
  • Prototype Model (2025)
  • Black Box Testing (2025)

👉 2025 paper shifted heavily towards Software Engineering.

✅ 8. Payroll / Procurement

  • Procurement process (2024)
  • Procurement policy (2023)
  • Payroll management (2023, 2024)

🟨 3️⃣ EMERGING NEW TREND (Mostly 2025)

These topics appeared strongly in 2025 👇

🔹 Stack (Push/Pop)

🔹 Exception Handling

🔹 IoT

🔹 Blockchain

🔹 Digital Carbon Footprint

🔹 Python File Handling

🔹 Sensors

🔹 ModuleNotFoundError

👉 2025 paper clearly shows:

🔥 Shift towards Computer Science concepts

📊 STRUCTURAL PATTERN ANALYSIS

Year Focus Area
2023 ERP + BPO + Management
2024 ERP + Management + Learning
2025 DBMS + SQL + Software Engineering + Python

👉 Clear shift from Management based ITES to Technical IT concepts

🎯 2026 STRONG PREDICTION

🟥 100% Expected

  • ERP (components/types)
  • BPO services/benefits
  • Management process
  • SQL (Select / Order By)
  • DBMS advantages

🟧 High Chance

  • SDLC
  • Stack
  • Exception Handling
  • Learning Styles
  • Active Listening

🟨 Possible

  • IoT
  • Blockchain
  • Digital Carbon Footprint
  • Python File Handling

🚨 MOST IMPORTANT FOR 2026

If students prepare these 12 topics, they are safe:

  1. ERP
  2. BPO
  3. Management
  4. DBMS
  5. SQL
  6. SDLC
  7. Stack
  8. Exception Handling
  9. Learning Styles
  10. Active Listening
  11. Payroll / Procurement
  12. Python File Handling

🚀 HBSE Class 12 IT & ITES

🎯 TOP 25 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS FOR 2026

(Highly Expected – Prepared after 3-year pattern study)

🟥 SECTION A – 5 MARK QUESTIONS (Very Important)

1️⃣ Explain components of ERP.

2️⃣ Write advantages and disadvantages of DBMS.

3️⃣ Explain stages of SDLC.

4️⃣ Explain SELECT statement with example.

5️⃣ Explain process of procurement.

6️⃣ Explain types/services of BPO.

7️⃣ What is exception? Explain need of exception handling.

8️⃣ Explain stack and write Push & Pop operations.

👉 These 8 questions cover 40% paper weightage zone.

🟧 SECTION B – 3 MARK QUESTIONS (High Probability)

9️⃣ Explain need of software engineering.

🔟 Write note on prototype model.

1️⃣1️⃣ Explain black box testing.

1️⃣2️⃣ Write note on IoT and its applications.

1️⃣3️⃣ Explain blockchain.

1️⃣4️⃣ Explain digital carbon footprint.

1️⃣5️⃣ Write note on Management Information System (MIS).

1️⃣6️⃣ Explain factors affecting active listening.

🟨 SECTION C – 2 MARK QUESTIONS (Regular Pattern)

1️⃣7️⃣ Define management.

1️⃣8️⃣ Explain logical learning style.

1️⃣9️⃣ Differentiate between knowledge and skill.

2️⃣0️⃣ What is database schema?

2️⃣1️⃣ What is ORDER BY clause?

2️⃣2️⃣ Write file modes in Python.

2️⃣3️⃣ What is deque (double ended queue)?

🟩 SECTION D – 1 MARK OBJECTIVE ZONE (Very Repeated)

2️⃣4️⃣ Full form of ERP / BPO / SCM / CRM.

2️⃣5️⃣ Stack is based on which principle? (LIFO)

🔥 BONUS – VERY HIGH ALERT TOPICS

These are “hidden favourites” of HBSE:

  • Degree & Cardinality
  • DDL command (DROP)
  • Active listening stages
  • ERP components count
  • Communication process (Two-way)
  • White box vs Black box testing
  • ModuleNotFoundError
  • .ods extension

📊 STRATEGY FOR STUDENTS

If students prepare:

  • 🟥 All 8 long questions
  • 🟧 Any 5 from 3-mark section
  • 🟩 Objective concepts properly

👉 They can safely score 50+/60

🏫 HBSE Class 12

💻 Information Technology & ITES

📘 2026 Predicted Model Question Paper

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 60

📝 General Instructions:

  1. All questions are compulsory.
  2. Draw neat diagrams wherever required.
  3. Marks are indicated against each question.

🟥 Section A (Long Answer Type)

(Attempt any 4 out of 6)

4 × 5 = 20 Marks

1️⃣ Explain components of ERP in detail.

2️⃣ Write advantages and disadvantages of DBMS.

3️⃣ Explain stages of SDLC with diagram.

4️⃣ Explain SELECT statement with suitable example.

5️⃣ Explain stack. Write algorithm for Push and Pop operation.

6️⃣ Explain exception handling in Python with example.

🟧 Section B (Short Answer Type – I)

(Attempt any 5 out of 7)

5 × 3 = 15 Marks

7️⃣ Explain prototype model.

8️⃣ Explain black box testing.

9️⃣ Explain IoT and its applications.

🔟 Explain blockchain technology.

1️⃣1️⃣ Explain digital carbon footprint.

1️⃣2️⃣ Explain process of procurement.

1️⃣3️⃣ Write note on Management Information System (MIS).

🟨 Section C (Short Answer Type – II)

(Attempt any 5 out of 7)

5 × 2 = 10 Marks

1️⃣4️⃣ Define management.

1️⃣5️⃣ What is database schema?

1️⃣6️⃣ Explain ORDER BY clause with example.

1️⃣7️⃣ Write file modes in Python.

1️⃣8️⃣ Explain logical learning style.

1️⃣9️⃣ What is double ended queue (Deque)?

2️⃣0️⃣ Differentiate between knowledge and skill.

🟩 Section D (Objective Type Questions)

(Attempt all questions)

15 × 1 = 15 Marks

2️⃣1️⃣ Stack follows which principle?
(A) FIFO (B) LIFO (C) FCFS (D) None

2️⃣2️⃣ Full form of ERP is:
(A) Enterprise Resource Planning
(B) Electronic Resource Program
(C) Enterprise Record Plan
(D) None

2️⃣3️⃣ Which SQL command is used to sort records?

2️⃣4️⃣ DROP is a ______ command.

2️⃣5️⃣ .ods is extension of which software?

2️⃣6️⃣ Which testing checks internal code structure?

2️⃣7️⃣ Exception is an error that occurs at ______ time.

2️⃣8️⃣ Blockchain is a type of ______ ledger.

2️⃣9️⃣ IoT stands for ______.

3️⃣0️⃣ Full form of BPO is ______.

3️⃣1️⃣ Degree refers to number of ______ in a table.

3️⃣2️⃣ Cardinality refers to number of ______ in a table.

3️⃣3️⃣ seek() function is used in ______ handling.

3️⃣4️⃣ Active listening requires good ______.

3️⃣5️⃣ ERP integrates different ______ of business.

100 Most Important MCQs for HBSE Class 12 IT & ITES (2026 Preparation)
(Based on 2023–2025 trend analysis: ERP + DBMS + SQL + Software Engineering + Python + BPO + Learning)

🟥 PART 1 – ERP & BPO (1–20)

  1. ERP stands for:
    A) Enterprise Resource Planning
    B) Electronic Record Program
    C) Enterprise Record Planning
    D) None
  2. ERP integrates different ______ of business.
    A) Departments
    B) Schools
    C) Cities
    D) Banks
  3. Which is a component of ERP?
    A) Finance
    B) Gaming
    C) Sports
    D) Cinema
  4. BPO stands for:
    A) Business Process Outsourcing
    B) Business Program Output
    C) Basic Process Operation
    D) None
  5. BPO helps in:
    A) Cost reduction
    B) Increasing pollution
    C) Reducing profit
    D) None
  6. Procurement means:
    A) Selling goods
    B) Purchasing goods
    C) Manufacturing goods
    D) Marketing
  7. Payroll software is used for:
    A) Salary calculation
    B) Ticket booking
    C) Video editing
    D) Banking
  8. MIS stands for:
    A) Management Information System
    B) Machine Input System
    C) Manual Info System
    D) None
  9. ERP can be:
    A) On-premise
    B) Cloud-based
    C) Both A and B
    D) None
  10. BPO mainly provides:
    A) Customer support
    B) Farming
    C) Teaching
    D) Mining
  11. SCM stands for:
    A) Supply Chain Management
    B) Software Code Management
    C) Simple Chain Method
    D) None
  12. CRM stands for:
    A) Customer Relationship Management
    B) Computer Resource Model
    C) Customer Record Machine
    D) None
  13. Management is a ______ process.
    A) Continuous
    B) Temporary
    C) Seasonal
    D) Random
  14. Planning is the ______ function of management.
    A) First
    B) Last
    C) Third
    D) None
  15. Organizing means:
    A) Arranging resources
    B) Playing games
    C) Reading books
    D) None
  16. BPO improves:
    A) Efficiency
    B) Pollution
    C) Delay
    D) None
  17. ERP improves:
    A) Coordination
    B) Confusion
    C) Delay
    D) None
  18. MIS helps in:
    A) Decision making
    B) Sleeping
    C) Singing
    D) None
  19. Procurement starts with:
    A) Identifying need
    B) Payment
    C) Delivery
    D) Marketing
  20. Payroll includes:
    A) Tax calculation
    B) Farming
    C) Painting
    D) None

🟧 PART 2 – DBMS & SQL (21–40)

  1. DBMS stands for:
    A) Database Management System
    B) Data Backup Machine
    C) Digital Base Model
    D) None
  2. DBMS reduces:
    A) Data redundancy
    B) Data accuracy
    C) Data speed
    D) None
  3. Degree refers to number of:
    A) Columns
    B) Rows
    C) Tables
    D) Keys
  4. Cardinality refers to number of:
    A) Rows
    B) Columns
    C) Databases
    D) Keys
  5. SELECT is a ______ command.
    A) DML
    B) DDL
    C) TCL
    D) None
  6. DROP is a ______ command.
    A) DDL
    B) DML
    C) DCL
    D) None
  7. ORDER BY clause is used to:
    A) Sort records
    B) Delete records
    C) Insert records
    D) None
  8. Schema means:
    A) Database structure
    B) Data size
    C) Data type
    D) None
  9. Primary key must be:
    A) Unique
    B) Duplicate
    C) Null
    D) Optional
  10. .ods extension belongs to:
    A) Calc
    B) Writer
    C) Impress
    D) None

🟧 DBMS MCQs (31–40)

  1. A Primary Key cannot contain:
    A) Unique values
    B) Duplicate values
    C) Non-null values
    D) Single value
  2. A Foreign Key is used to:
    A) Create relationship between tables
    B) Delete table
    C) Sort records
    D) Encrypt data
  3. NOT NULL constraint ensures that:
    A) Field cannot be empty
    B) Field must be duplicate
    C) Field must be numeric
    D) Field must be sorted
  4. UNIQUE constraint allows:
    A) Duplicate values
    B) Only unique values
    C) Null values only
    D) Negative values
  5. Normalization is used to:
    A) Reduce data redundancy
    B) Increase duplication
    C) Delete database
    D) Encrypt records
  6. First Normal Form (1NF) removes:
    A) Repeating groups
    B) Primary key
    C) Foreign key
    D) Table name
  7. Second Normal Form (2NF) removes:
    A) Partial dependency
    B) Full dependency
    C) Primary key
    D) Rows
  8. Third Normal Form (3NF) removes:
    A) Transitive dependency
    B) Duplicate rows
    C) Columns
    D) Keys
  9. DBMS provides ______ facility.
    A) Backup and Recovery
    B) Cooking
    C) Printing only
    D) Gaming
  10. Which of the following is an advantage of DBMS?
    A) Data security
    B) Data inconsistency
    C) Data redundancy
    D) Data duplication

🟨 PART 3 – Software Engineering (41–60)

  1. SDLC stands for:
    A) Software Development Life Cycle
    B) System Data Level Code
    C) Software Data Logic Control
    D) None
  2. First stage of SDLC:
    A) Requirement analysis
    B) Testing
    C) Deployment
    D) Maintenance
  3. Prototype model is used to:
    A) Understand requirements
    B) Delete software
    C) Encrypt data
    D) None
  4. Black box testing checks:
    A) Output only
    B) Internal code
    C) Database
    D) None
  5. White box testing checks:
    A) Internal code
    B) Output only
    C) Hardware
    D) None

🟨 Software Engineering MCQs (46–60)

  1. Which testing checks the internal structure of code?
    A) Black Box Testing
    B) White Box Testing
    C) Alpha Testing
    D) Beta Testing
  2. Black Box Testing focuses on:
    A) Internal logic
    B) Input and output
    C) Source code
    D) Hardware
  3. Alpha testing is performed by:
    A) End users
    B) Developers
    C) Customers at their site
    D) Government
  4. Beta testing is performed by:
    A) Developers
    B) Real users
    C) Testers only
    D) Managers
  5. The main objective of software engineering is to:
    A) Increase cost
    B) Develop reliable software
    C) Delay projects
    D) Complicate system
  6. Corrective maintenance is done to:
    A) Fix errors
    B) Add new features
    C) Improve performance
    D) Change design
  7. Adaptive maintenance is required when:
    A) Errors occur
    B) Environment changes
    C) User deletes file
    D) Testing fails
  8. Perfective maintenance aims to:
    A) Remove bugs
    B) Improve performance
    C) Delete system
    D) Reduce users
  9. Preventive maintenance is done to:
    A) Prevent future problems
    B) Delete database
    C) Increase redundancy
    D) Remove users
  10. The first phase of SDLC is:
    A) Testing
    B) Requirement Analysis
    C) Maintenance
    D) Deployment
  11. The last phase of SDLC is:
    A) Implementation
    B) Testing
    C) Maintenance
    D) Design
  12. Prototype model is useful when:
    A) Requirements are unclear
    B) Requirements are fixed
    C) No users exist
    D) System is deleted
  13. Waterfall model follows:
    A) Sequential approach
    B) Random process
    C) Circular process
    D) Parallel process
  14. Requirement engineering helps to:
    A) Identify user needs
    B) Delete project
    C) Increase confusion
    D) Stop development
  15. Validation ensures that:
    A) Right product is built
    B) Product is cheap
    C) Code is long
    D) Project is delayed

🟩 PART 4 – Python & Data Structure (61–80)

  1. Stack follows:
    A) LIFO
    B) FIFO
    C) FCFS
    D) None
  2. Queue follows:
    A) FIFO
    B) LIFO
    C) LILO
    D) None
  3. Exception occurs at:
    A) Runtime
    B) Compile time
    C) Design time
    D) None
  4. raise keyword is used to:
    A) Generate exception
    B) Stop program
    C) Delete file
    D) None
  5. seek() function is used in:
    A) File handling
    B) SQL
    C) Stack
    D) None

🟩 Python, File Handling & IoT MCQs (66–80)

  1. Which file mode is used to read a file?
    A) r
    B) w
    C) a
    D) x
  2. Which file mode is used to write data and overwrite existing content?
    A) r
    B) w
    C) a
    D) r+
  3. The append mode in Python is:
    A) r
    B) w
    C) a
    D) x
  4. r+ mode is used for:
    A) Read only
    B) Write only
    C) Read and write
    D) Append only
  5. seek() function is used to:
    A) Close file
    B) Move file pointer
    C) Delete file
    D) Rename file
  6. Which function returns current date and time?
    A) datetime.today()
    B) datetime.now()
    C) time.date()
    D) now.date()
  7. ModuleNotFoundError occurs when:
    A) File is deleted
    B) Module is not installed
    C) Code is correct
    D) Internet is slow
  8. The raise keyword is used to:
    A) Ignore error
    B) Generate exception
    C) Close program
    D) Delete variable
  9. A stack follows which principle?
    A) FIFO
    B) LIFO
    C) LILO
    D) None
  10. Queue follows which principle?
    A) FIFO
    B) LIFO
    C) FILO
    D) None
  11. IoT stands for:
    A) Internet of Things
    B) Integration of Technology
    C) Input of Tools
    D) None
  12. A gyroscope sensor is used to measure:
    A) Temperature
    B) Rotation
    C) Light
    D) Sound
  13. Smart home devices are examples of:
    A) IoT devices
    B) DBMS
    C) ERP
    D) MIS
  14. A temperature sensor measures:
    A) Pressure
    B) Heat level
    C) Sound
    D) Motion
  15. Digital carbon footprint refers to:
    A) Carbon emitted by factories only
    B) Carbon emission from digital device usage
    C) Footprint on land
    D) None

🟦 PART 5 – Soft Skills & Learning (81–100)

  1. Logical learners prefer:
    A) Reasoning
    B) Music
    C) Drawing
    D) None
  2. Interpersonal learners learn through:
    A) Group discussion
    B) Isolation
    C) Silence
    D) None
  3. Active listening requires:
    A) Concentration
    B) Noise
    C) Anger
    D) None
  4. Knowledge is:
    A) Theoretical
    B) Practical
    C) Emotional
    D) None
  5. Skill is:
    A) Practical ability
    B) Theory
    C) Idea
    D) None

🟦 Soft Skills & Management MCQs (86–100)

  1. Management is the process of:
    A) Planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling
    B) Playing and resting
    C) Only planning
    D) None
  2. Communication is a ______ process.
    A) One-way
    B) Two-way
    C) Three-way
    D) No-way
  3. The basic elements of communication include:
    A) Sender, Message, Receiver
    B) Teacher only
    C) Book only
    D) Computer only
  4. Noise in communication refers to:
    A) Loud music only
    B) Any disturbance in message transmission
    C) Silence
    D) None
  5. Feedback in communication helps to:
    A) Increase confusion
    B) Confirm understanding
    C) Stop communication
    D) Delay message
  6. An entrepreneur is a person who:
    A) Takes risk and starts business
    B) Only studies
    C) Works as clerk
    D) None
  7. One major function of entrepreneur is:
    A) Innovation
    B) Sleeping
    C) Avoiding risk
    D) None
  8. Green jobs help in:
    A) Environmental protection
    B) Increasing pollution
    C) Deforestation
    D) None
  9. Digital carbon footprint is produced due to:
    A) Use of digital devices
    B) Reading books
    C) Farming
    D) None
  10. Active listening requires:
    A) Concentration
    B) Distraction
    C) Anger
    D) None
  11. Logical learners prefer:
    A) Reasoning and numbers
    B) Music only
    C) Drawing only
    D) Dancing
  12. Interpersonal learners learn best through:
    A) Group discussion
    B) Isolation
    C) Silence
    D) None
  13. Knowledge is mainly:
    A) Theoretical understanding
    B) Physical strength
    C) Emotion
    D) None
  14. Skill refers to:
    A) Practical ability
    B) Theory only
    C) Idea only
    D) None
  15. Sustainable development aims at:
    A) Meeting present needs without harming future
    B) Overusing resources
    C) Increasing waste
    D) None
Q.No Ans Q.No Ans Q.No Ans Q.No Ans
1 A 26 A 51 A 76 A
2 A 27 A 52 B 77 B
3 A 28 A 53 B 78 A
4 A 29 A 54 A 79 B
5 A 30 A 55 B 80 B
6 B 31 B 56 C 81 A
7 A 32 A 57 A 82 A
8 A 33 A 58 A 83 A
9 C 34 B 59 A 84 A
10 A 35 A 60 A 85 A
11 A 36 A 61 A 86 A
12 A 37 A 62 A 87 B
13 A 38 A 63 A 88 A
14 A 39 A 64 B 89 B
15 A 40 A 65 A 90 B
16 A 41 A 66 A 91 A
17 A 42 A 67 B 92 A
18 A 43 A 68 C 93 A
19 A 44 B 69 C 94 A
20 A 45 A 70 B 95 A
21 A 46 B 71 B 96 A
22 A 47 B 72 B 97 A
23 A 48 B 73 B 98 A
24 A 49 B 74 B 99 A
25 A 50 B 75 A 100 A

✅ HBSE CLASS 12 IT & ITES (2025)

🔹 Complete Solutions (English Medium)

1. (a) Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS

✅ Advantages:

  1. Reduces data redundancy.
  2. Ensures data consistency.
  3. Provides data security.
  4. Easy data sharing.
  5. Backup and recovery facility.

❌ Disadvantages:

  1. High cost of software.
  2. Complex system.
  3. Requires trained staff.
  4. Large storage requirement.

OR

SELECT SQL Command with Example

The SELECT command is used to retrieve data from a database.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name FROM table_name;

Example:

SELECT name FROM students;

This command displays names from the students table.

2. Exception and Exception Handling

An exception is an error that occurs during program execution.

Need of Exception Handling:

  • Prevents program crash
  • Handles runtime errors
  • Maintains normal flow of program

User Defined Exception:

Exceptions created by programmer using raise keyword.

OR

Stack and Program for Push & Pop

A stack is a linear data structure based on LIFO (Last In First Out) principle.

Push Operation:

Adds element to stack.

Pop Operation:

Removes element from stack.

3. Stages of SDLC

  1. Requirement Analysis
  2. System Design
  3. Implementation
  4. Testing
  5. Deployment
  6. Maintenance

OR

Management Information System (MIS)

MIS is a system that collects, processes and provides information to managers for decision making.

4. Need of Software Engineering

  1. Develop reliable software
  2. Reduce cost
  3. Improve quality
  4. Manage large projects

OR

Program and Software

  • Program: Set of instructions.
  • Software: Collection of programs.

5. Prototype Model

Prototype model creates a working model before final software development to understand requirements clearly.

OR

Importance of Requirement Engineering

  • Identifies customer needs
  • Reduces project failure
  • Improves quality

6. Black Box Testing

Testing method where internal structure is not known. Focuses only on input and output.

7. IoT and Applications

IoT (Internet of Things) connects devices to internet.

Applications:

  • Smart homes
  • Smart cities
  • Healthcare
  • Agriculture

8. Blockchain

Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions securely.

9. Digital Carbon Footprints

It refers to carbon emissions produced by use of digital devices and internet.

10. ORDER BY Clause

Used to sort data in ascending or descending order.

Example:

SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY marks DESC;

OR

Database Schema

Schema is the structure or design of database.

11. Applications of Database

  • Banking
  • Education
  • Railway reservation
  • Hospitals
  • E-commerce

12. File Modes in Python

  • r (read)
  • w (write)
  • a (append)
  • r+

OR

Double Ended Queue

A deque allows insertion and deletion from both ends.

13. Factors Affecting Active Listening

  • Noise
  • Lack of concentration
  • Prejudice
  • Emotional disturbance

14. Ways to Become Result Oriented

  • Set clear goals
  • Time management
  • Focus on outcome
  • Stay disciplined

15. Functions of Entrepreneur

  • Risk bearing
  • Innovation
  • Decision making
  • Organizing resources

✅ Objective Answers

  1. Tree
  2. True
  3. Gyroscope sensor
  4. datetime.now()
  5. seek()
  6. ModuleNotFoundError
  7. White Box Testing
  8. Range
  9. .ods
  10. (B) What
  11. (C) 14
  12. (A) LIFO
  13. (D) Drop
  14. (C) Degree
  15. (B) Cardinality

✅ HBSE CLASS 12 IT & ITES (2024)

🔹 Complete Solutions (English Medium)

1. Explain process of management. (5 Marks)

Management is the process of getting work done through others.

Steps of Management:

  1. Planning – Setting goals and deciding how to achieve them.
  2. Organizing – Arranging resources and assigning duties.
  3. Staffing – Selecting and training employees.
  4. Directing – Guiding and supervising employees.
  5. Controlling – Checking performance and correcting mistakes.

OR

Explain components of ERP

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) has four main components:

  1. Finance
  2. Human Resource
  3. Manufacturing
  4. Sales & Marketing

2. Explain process of procurement. (5 Marks)

Procurement is the process of purchasing goods/services.

Steps:

  1. Identifying need
  2. Vendor selection
  3. Request for quotation
  4. Purchase order
  5. Receiving goods
  6. Payment

OR

Types of Services Rendered by BPO

  1. Customer support
  2. Technical support
  3. Data entry
  4. Finance & accounting
  5. HR services

3. Basic Principles of Learning (5 Marks)

  1. Motivation
  2. Practice
  3. Feedback
  4. Reinforcement
  5. Readiness

OR

Importance of Learning

  1. Improves knowledge
  2. Develops skills
  3. Increases confidence
  4. Career growth

4. Any Two Factors Affecting Learning (3 Marks)

  1. Environment
  2. Motivation
  3. Health
  4. Intelligence

(Any two explained)

5. Types of Knowledge (3 Marks)

  1. Explicit Knowledge
  2. Tacit Knowledge

OR

Difference Between Knowledge and Skill

Knowledge Skill
Theoretical understanding Practical ability
Gained by learning Gained by practice
Information based Performance based

6. How a person can become result oriented? (3 Marks)

  • Set clear goals
  • Prioritize tasks
  • Focus on outcomes
  • Avoid distractions
  • Track progress

7. Characteristics of Management (3 Marks)

  • Goal oriented
  • Continuous process
  • Universal process
  • Dynamic
  • Group activity

8. Benefits of Payroll Management Software (3 Marks)

  • Accurate salary calculation
  • Time saving
  • Tax management
  • Record keeping

OR

Call Centre Quality Assurance Tips

  • Monitor calls
  • Provide feedback
  • Train employees
  • Maintain service standards

9. Benefits of BPO (3 Marks)

  • Cost reduction
  • Focus on core business
  • Access to skilled workforce
  • Improved efficiency

10. Advantages of Business Processes (2 Marks)

  • Improves efficiency
  • Saves time
  • Better coordination

OR

Call Centre Quality Assurance

It is the process of monitoring and evaluating customer calls to maintain service quality.

11. Types of ERP (2 Marks)

  1. On-premise ERP
  2. Cloud ERP

12. Disadvantages of ERP (2 Marks)

  • High cost
  • Complex implementation
  • Requires training

OR

Define Management

Management is the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling resources to achieve goals.

13. Logical Learning Style (2 Marks)

Logical learners prefer reasoning, numbers and problem-solving methods.

14. Interpersonal Learning Style (2 Marks)

Interpersonal learners learn best through group discussions and interaction.

15. Benefits of Green Job (2 Marks)

  • Environmental protection
  • Sustainable development
  • Employment generation

✅ Objective Answers

  1. Compressed Natural Gas
  2. Self regulation
  3. Column
  4. Enterprise Resource Planning
  5. Supply Chain Management
  6. (D) 4
  7. (C) Noun
  8. (B) 4
  9. Online
  10. Business Process Outsourcing
  11. Verbal learners
  12. Concept
  13. Two-way
  14. Fiction
  15. True

✅ HBSE CLASS 12 IT & ITES (2025)

🔹 Complete Solutions (English Medium)

Section A – Descriptive Questions

1. (a) Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS (5 Marks)

✅ Advantages:

  1. Reduces data redundancy
  2. Improves data consistency
  3. Provides data security
  4. Easy data sharing
  5. Backup and recovery facility

❌ Disadvantages:

  1. High installation cost
  2. Complex system
  3. Requires skilled staff
  4. Large storage requirement

OR

SELECT SQL Command with Example

The SELECT command is used to retrieve data from a database.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name FROM table_name;

Example:

SELECT name FROM students;

This command displays the names of students from the table.

2. Exception & Exception Handling (5 Marks)

Exception:

An exception is a runtime error that interrupts the normal flow of a program.

Need of Exception Handling:

  • Prevents program crash
  • Handles runtime errors
  • Maintains normal execution
  • Improves program reliability

User Defined Exception:

Exceptions created by programmer using raise keyword.

OR

Stack and Program for Push & Pop

Stack:

A stack is a linear data structure that follows LIFO (Last In First Out) principle.

Push:

Adds element to the stack.

Pop:

Removes element from the stack.

3. Stages of SDLC (5 Marks)

  1. Requirement Analysis
  2. System Design
  3. Implementation
  4. Testing
  5. Deployment
  6. Maintenance

OR

Management Information System (MIS)

MIS is a system that collects, processes and provides information to managers for decision-making.

4. Need of Software Engineering (3 Marks)

  1. Develop reliable software
  2. Reduce development cost
  3. Improve quality
  4. Manage complex systems

OR

Program and Software

  • Program: Set of instructions written to perform a task.
  • Software: Collection of programs working together.

5. Prototype Model (3 Marks)

Prototype model is a development approach where a working model is created first to understand user requirements before final system development.

OR

Importance of Requirement Engineering

  • Identifies customer needs
  • Reduces risk of failure
  • Improves project quality
  • Saves time and cost

6. Black Box Testing (3 Marks)

Testing technique where internal code is not visible. Focus is only on input and output.

7. IoT and Applications (3 Marks)

IoT:

Internet of Things connects smart devices through internet.

Applications:

  • Smart homes
  • Healthcare
  • Smart cities
  • Agriculture

8. Blockchain (3 Marks)

Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions securely and transparently.

9. Digital Carbon Footprints (3 Marks)

It refers to carbon emissions produced due to use of digital devices, internet, emails, cloud storage etc.

10. ORDER BY Clause (2 Marks)

Used to sort records in ascending or descending order.

Example:

SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY marks DESC;

OR

Database Schema

Database schema is the logical structure or design of a database.

11. Applications of Database (2 Marks)

  • Banking
  • Education
  • Railway reservation
  • Hospitals
  • E-commerce

12. File Modes in Python (2 Marks)

  • r – Read
  • w – Write
  • a – Append
  • r+ – Read and write

OR

Double Ended Queue (Deque)

A deque is a data structure in which insertion and deletion can be done from both ends.

13. Factors Affecting Active Listening (2 Marks)

  • Noise
  • Lack of concentration
  • Emotional disturbance
  • Bias

14. Ways to Become Result Oriented (2 Marks)

  • Set clear goals
  • Manage time properly
  • Focus on results
  • Avoid distractions

15. Functions Performed by Entrepreneur (2 Marks)

  • Risk bearing
  • Innovation
  • Organizing resources
  • Decision making

✅ Section B – Objective Answers

  1. Tree
  2. True
  3. Gyroscope
  4. datetime.now()
  5. seek()
  6. ModuleNotFoundError
  7. White Box Testing
  8. Range
  9. .ods
  10. (B) What
  11. (C) 14
  12. (A) LIFO
  13. (D) Drop
  14. (C) Degree
  15. (B) Cardinality

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