HBSE CLASS 12 PSYCHOLOGY 2026 | COMPLETE REVISION | PYQs 2021-25
100 MOST IMPORTANT REVISION LINES – HBSE Class 12 Psychology
(One-line crisp points – perfect for last-day rapid revision & YouTube live 🔥)
100 MOST IMPORTANT REVISION POINTS – HBSE Class 12 Psychology
🧠 UNIT 1 – INTELLIGENCE & CREATIVITY
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Intelligence is the ability to learn and adapt.
बुद्धिमत्ता सीखने और अनुकूलन करने की क्षमता है। -
Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test.
अल्फ्रेड बिने ने पहला बुद्धिमत्ता परीक्षण विकसित किया। -
IQ = Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age × 100.
आईक्यू = मानसिक आयु ÷ वास्तविक आयु × 100। -
William Stern introduced the IQ formula.
विलियम स्टर्न ने आईक्यू सूत्र दिया। -
Thurstone proposed Primary Mental Abilities.
थर्स्टन ने प्राथमिक मानसिक क्षमताएँ दीं। -
Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Theory.
स्टर्नबर्ग ने त्रिस्तरीय सिद्धांत दिया। -
Analytical intelligence is academic problem-solving ability.
विश्लेषणात्मक बुद्धि शैक्षणिक समस्याएँ हल करने की क्षमता है। -
Creative intelligence deals with new situations.
रचनात्मक बुद्धि नई परिस्थितियों से निपटती है। -
Practical intelligence is street smartness.
व्यावहारिक बुद्धि जीवन कौशल से जुड़ी है। -
Gardner proposed Multiple Intelligence Theory.
गार्डनर ने बहु-बुद्धि सिद्धांत दिया। -
Linguistic intelligence relates to language skills.
भाषाई बुद्धि भाषा कौशल से जुड़ी है। -
Logical-mathematical intelligence relates to reasoning.
तार्किक-गणितीय बुद्धि तर्क से संबंधित है। -
Creativity involves originality and flexibility.
रचनात्मकता मौलिकता और लचीलेपन से जुड़ी है। -
Divergent thinking is important for creativity.
विभेदी सोच रचनात्मकता के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है। -
Aptitude means potential ability.
अभिरुचि (Aptitude) संभावित क्षमता है।
👤 UNIT 2 – SELF & PERSONALITY
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Self-concept is perception about oneself.
स्व-अवधारणा स्वयं के बारे में धारणा है। -
Self-esteem is evaluation of self-worth.
स्वाभिमान स्वयं के मूल्यांकन को कहते हैं। -
Self-efficacy is belief in one’s ability.
आत्म-प्रभावकारिता अपनी क्षमता में विश्वास है। -
Freud proposed Id, Ego and Superego.
फ्रायड ने इड, ईगो और सुपरेगो का सिद्धांत दिया। -
Id works on pleasure principle.
इड सुख सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है। -
Ego works on reality principle.
ईगो वास्तविकता सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है। -
Superego represents moral values.
सुपरेगो नैतिक मूल्यों का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। -
Repression means pushing painful thoughts into unconscious.
दमन का अर्थ है दुखद विचारों को अवचेतन में दबाना। -
Projection means blaming others.
प्रक्षेपण का अर्थ है अपनी गलती दूसरों पर डालना। -
Big Five traits are OCEAN.
बिग फाइव गुण OCEAN कहलाते हैं। -
Neuroticism relates to emotional instability.
न्यूरोटिसिज्म भावनात्मक अस्थिरता से जुड़ा है। -
Type A personality is competitive.
टाइप A व्यक्तित्व प्रतिस्पर्धी होता है। -
Type B personality is relaxed.
टाइप B व्यक्तित्व शांत और सहज होता है।
😰 UNIT 3 – STRESS & COPING
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Stress is response to demands.
तनाव मांगों के प्रति प्रतिक्रिया है। -
Hans Selye proposed GAS.
हंस सैली ने सामान्य अनुकूलन सिंड्रोम दिया। -
GAS includes Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.
GAS में चेतावनी, प्रतिरोध और थकावट चरण होते हैं। -
Eustress is positive stress.
यू-स्ट्रेस सकारात्मक तनाव है। -
Distress is negative stress.
डिस्ट्रेस नकारात्मक तनाव है। -
Chronic stress weakens immunity.
दीर्घकालिक तनाव प्रतिरक्षा को कमजोर करता है। -
Burnout is emotional exhaustion.
बर्नआउट भावनात्मक थकान है। -
Problem-focused coping changes stressor.
समस्या-केन्द्रित मुकाबला तनाव के कारण को बदलता है। -
Emotion-focused coping manages feelings.
भावना-केन्द्रित मुकाबला भावनाओं को नियंत्रित करता है। -
Meditation reduces stress.
ध्यान तनाव कम करता है। -
Social support improves mental health.
सामाजिक समर्थन मानसिक स्वास्थ्य सुधारता है।
🧩 UNIT 4 – PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
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Abnormality is defined by Four D’s.
असामान्यता चार D से परिभाषित होती है। -
Four D’s are Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger.
चार D हैं: विचलन, पीड़ा, कार्य-अक्षम्यता, खतरा। -
Phobia is irrational fear.
फोबिया अतार्किक भय है। -
OCD includes obsession and compulsion.
OCD में जुनून और बाध्यता शामिल हैं। -
Depression is persistent sadness.
अवसाद लगातार उदासी है। -
Bipolar disorder includes mania and depression.
द्विध्रुवीय विकार में उन्माद और अवसाद दोनों होते हैं। -
Hallucination is false perception.
मतिभ्रम झूठी धारणा है। -
Delusion is false belief.
भ्रम झूठा विश्वास है। -
PTSD occurs after trauma.
PTSD आघात के बाद होता है।
🛋 UNIT 5 – THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
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Psychotherapy treats mental disorders.
मनोचिकित्सा मानसिक विकारों का उपचार करती है। -
Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious conflicts.
मनोविश्लेषण अवचेतन संघर्षों पर केंद्रित है। -
Behaviour therapy is based on learning principles.
व्यवहार चिकित्सा अधिगम सिद्धांतों पर आधारित है। -
CBT changes negative thoughts.
CBT नकारात्मक विचारों को बदलती है। -
Client-centred therapy focuses on empathy.
क्लाइंट-केन्द्रित चिकित्सा सहानुभूति पर आधारित है। -
Confidentiality is an ethical principle.
गोपनीयता एक नैतिक सिद्धांत है। -
Informed consent is necessary.
सूचित सहमति आवश्यक है। -
Systematic desensitization treats phobia.
सिस्टेमेटिक डीसेन्सिटाइजेशन फोबिया का इलाज करता है।
👥 UNIT 6 – ATTITUDE & SOCIAL COGNITION
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Attitude has three components.
दृष्टिकोण के तीन घटक होते हैं। -
Cognitive component means belief.
संज्ञानात्मक घटक का अर्थ विश्वास है। -
Affective component means feeling.
भावनात्मक घटक का अर्थ भावना है। -
Behavioural component means action tendency.
व्यवहारिक घटक का अर्थ क्रिया प्रवृत्ति है। -
Prejudice is negative attitude.
पूर्वाग्रह नकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण है। -
Discrimination is negative behaviour.
भेदभाव नकारात्मक व्यवहार है। -
Cognitive dissonance creates discomfort.
संज्ञानात्मक विसंगति असुविधा पैदा करती है। -
Balance theory was proposed by Heider.
संतुलन सिद्धांत हाइडर ने दिया।
👨👩👧👦 UNIT 7 – GROUP PROCESSES
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A group has common goals.
समूह के साझा लक्ष्य होते हैं। -
Primary groups are close and personal.
प्राथमिक समूह निकट और व्यक्तिगत होते हैं। -
Social loafing means reduced effort.
सामाजिक आलस्य का अर्थ कम प्रयास है। -
Diffusion of responsibility occurs in crowd.
जिम्मेदारी का प्रसार भीड़ में होता है। -
Tuckman proposed four stages of group development.
टकमैन ने समूह विकास के चार चरण दिए। -
Forming stage involves introduction.
फॉर्मिंग चरण में परिचय होता है। -
Storming stage involves conflict.
स्टॉर्मिंग चरण में संघर्ष होता है। -
Norming stage involves unity.
नॉर्मिंग चरण में एकता आती है। -
Performing stage focuses on task completion.
परफॉर्मिंग चरण कार्य पूरा करने पर केंद्रित है। -
Conformity is adjusting to group norms.
अनुरूपता समूह मानदंडों के अनुसार ढलना है। -
Compliance means agreeing to a request.
अनुपालन का अर्थ अनुरोध मानना है। -
Obedience involves authority.
आज्ञापालन में प्राधिकरण शामिल होता है। -
Pro-social behaviour helps others.
सामाजिक-सकारात्मक व्यवहार दूसरों की सहायता करता है। -
Cooperation reduces conflict.
सहयोग संघर्ष कम करता है।
🔥 FINAL RAPID 22 POWER LINES
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Emotional intelligence improves relationships.
भावनात्मक बुद्धि संबंध सुधारती है। -
Optimism enhances well-being.
आशावाद कल्याण बढ़ाता है। -
Chronic stress leads to illness.
दीर्घकालिक तनाव बीमारी का कारण बनता है। -
Therapy aims at behaviour change.
चिकित्सा व्यवहार परिवर्तन का लक्ष्य रखती है। -
Diagnosis helps in treatment planning.
निदान उपचार योजना में सहायता करता है। -
Personality is unique pattern of behaviour.
व्यक्तित्व व्यवहार का अनोखा पैटर्न है। -
Intelligence is not fixed.
बुद्धिमत्ता स्थिर नहीं होती। -
Creativity requires risk-taking.
रचनात्मकता जोखिम लेने की मांग करती है। -
Stress can be motivating.
तनाव प्रेरक भी हो सकता है। -
Mental health includes emotional balance.
मानसिक स्वास्थ्य में भावनात्मक संतुलन शामिल है। -
Social identity affects behaviour.
सामाजिक पहचान व्यवहार को प्रभावित करती है। -
Prejudice can be reduced by education.
शिक्षा से पूर्वाग्रह कम किया जा सकता है। -
Group pressure influences decisions.
समूह दबाव निर्णयों को प्रभावित करता है। -
Therapy requires empathy and trust.
चिकित्सा में सहानुभूति और विश्वास आवश्यक है। -
Positive thinking improves coping.
सकारात्मक सोच मुकाबला क्षमता बढ़ाती है। -
Self-regulation controls behaviour.
आत्म-नियमन व्यवहार नियंत्रित करता है। -
Emotional stability promotes mental health.
भावनात्मक स्थिरता मानसिक स्वास्थ्य को बढ़ाती है। -
Support systems reduce depression.
समर्थन प्रणाली अवसाद कम करती है। -
Balanced attitude promotes harmony.
संतुलित दृष्टिकोण सद्भाव बढ़ाता है। -
Understanding disorders reduces stigma.
विकारों की समझ कलंक कम करती है। -
Social awareness improves cooperation.
सामाजिक जागरूकता सहयोग बढ़ाती है। -
Psychological knowledge improves life quality.
मनोवैज्ञानिक ज्ञान जीवन की गुणवत्ता सुधारता है।
🧠 UNIT 1: VARIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES
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Intelligence is the ability to learn, reason and adapt.
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Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test.
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IQ = Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age × 100.
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William Stern introduced the Intelligence Quotient formula.
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Thurstone proposed Primary Mental Abilities.
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Gardner proposed Multiple Intelligence Theory.
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Sternberg proposed Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
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Analytical intelligence deals with problem-solving.
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Creative intelligence deals with novel situations.
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Practical intelligence deals with real-life skills.
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Emotional Intelligence includes self-awareness and empathy.
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Aptitude is potential ability.
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Interest is preference for an activity.
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Creativity involves originality and flexibility.
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Divergent thinking is important for creativity.
👤 UNIT 2: SELF AND PERSONALITY
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Self-concept is perception about oneself.
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Self-esteem is evaluation of self-worth.
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Self-efficacy is belief in one’s ability.
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Personal identity makes a person unique.
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Social identity comes from group membership.
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Freud proposed Id, Ego and Superego.
-
Id works on pleasure principle.
-
Ego works on reality principle.
-
Superego represents moral values.
-
Defence mechanisms reduce anxiety.
-
Repression means pushing thoughts into unconscious.
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Projection means attributing own faults to others.
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Denial means refusing reality.
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Allport classified traits into Cardinal, Central, Secondary.
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Cattell developed 16 PF personality test.
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Big Five traits are OCEAN.
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Neuroticism relates to emotional instability.
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Type A personality is competitive and impatient.
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Type B personality is relaxed and calm.
😰 UNIT 3: MEETING LIFE CHALLENGES
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Stress is response to demands.
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Stressor is cause of stress.
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Hans Selye proposed General Adaptation Syndrome.
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GAS includes Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion stages.
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Eustress is positive stress.
-
Distress is negative stress.
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Chronic stress affects immune system.
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Burnout is emotional exhaustion.
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Coping reduces stress impact.
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Problem-focused coping changes the stressor.
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Emotion-focused coping controls feelings.
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Meditation reduces stress.
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Yoga improves mental health.
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Time management reduces academic stress.
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Social support lowers stress.
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Optimism improves well-being.
🧩 UNIT 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
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Abnormality is defined by Four D’s.
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Four D’s are Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger.
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DSM-5 is Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
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ICD is International Classification of Diseases.
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Anxiety disorders include phobia and OCD.
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Phobia is irrational fear.
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Panic disorder involves sudden attacks.
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OCD involves obsessions and compulsions.
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Depression is mood disorder.
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Bipolar disorder includes mania and depression.
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Hallucination is false perception.
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Delusion is false belief.
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Schizophrenia involves disturbed thinking.
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PTSD occurs after trauma.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder affects communication.
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Alcohol Use Disorder is substance disorder.
🛋 UNIT 5: THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
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Psychotherapy treats psychological disorders.
-
Psychodynamic therapy focuses on unconscious conflicts.
-
Free association is used in psychoanalysis.
-
Behaviour therapy is based on learning principles.
-
Systematic desensitization treats phobia.
-
Cognitive therapy changes faulty thinking.
-
CBT combines cognitive and behavioural techniques.
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Rational Emotive Therapy was given by Albert Ellis.
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Client-Centred Therapy was developed by Carl Rogers.
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Empathy is key counselling skill.
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Confidentiality is ethical principle.
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Informed consent is mandatory.
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Therapeutic alliance improves treatment outcome.
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Biofeedback is alternative therapy.
👥 UNIT 6: ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL COGNITION
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Attitude has three components.
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Components are Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural.
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Prejudice is negative attitude.
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Discrimination is negative behaviour.
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Cognitive dissonance was proposed by Festinger.
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Balance theory was proposed by Heider.
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Conformity is indirect social influence.
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Compliance is agreeing to request.
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Obedience involves authority.
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Two-step flow theory explains attitude change.
👨👩👧👦 UNIT 7: SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND GROUP PROCESSES
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Group is collection of people with common goal.
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Primary groups are close and personal.
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Formal groups are structured.
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In-group means “we group”.
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Out-group means “they group”.
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Social loafing means reduced effort in group.
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Diffusion of responsibility occurs in crowd.
-
Tuckman proposed four stages of group development.
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Pro-social behaviour benefits others.
-
Cooperation reduces intergroup conflict.
✅ STARTING WITH: HBSE CLASS 12 PSYCHOLOGY 2021
🔹 PART – I (Subjective Paper)
(From )
✅ PART – A (Very Short Answer Type)
Q1. Explain any two ethical principles involved in Psychotherapy.
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Confidentiality – Information shared by the client must remain private and cannot be disclosed without consent.
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Informed Consent – The client must be informed about the nature, goals, and process of therapy before it begins.
Q2. Name the factors that influence the well-being of a person.
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Positive emotions
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Good social relationships
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Meaning and purpose in life
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Physical health
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Achievement and engagement
Q3. What are the Big Five factors of personality?
The Big Five personality traits are:
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Openness
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Conscientiousness
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Extraversion
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Agreeableness
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Neuroticism
Q4. Differentiate between Type A and Type B Personality.
| Type A Personality | Type B Personality |
|---|---|
| Competitive and impatient | Relaxed and patient |
| High stress level | Low stress level |
| Time-conscious | Easy-going |
| Aggressive | Calm |
✅ PART – B (Short Answer Type)
Q5. Define Compliance. Describe its different techniques.
Compliance refers to agreeing to a request made by another person.
Techniques of Compliance:
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Foot-in-the-door Technique – Small request followed by bigger request.
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Door-in-the-face Technique – Large request first (rejected), then smaller request.
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Low-ball Technique – Attractive offer first, then hidden cost added.
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Deadline Technique – Limited time pressure to act.
✅ PART – B (Short Answer Type – 3 Marks Each)
Q6. Define Stress. Explain its types.
Stress is the psychological and physical response of the body to demands or challenges (stressors).
Types of Stress:
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Eustress – Positive stress that motivates and improves performance.
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Distress – Negative stress that causes anxiety and reduces efficiency.
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Chronic Stress – Long-term stress affecting health.
Q7. Explain General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
Hans Selye proposed the General Adaptation Syndrome, which includes three stages:
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Alarm Stage – Body prepares to fight or flee.
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Resistance Stage – Body tries to cope with stress.
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Exhaustion Stage – Resources are depleted, leading to illness.
Q8. What is Emotional Intelligence? Mention its components.
Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to understand, manage, and use emotions effectively.
Components:
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Self-awareness
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Self-regulation
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Motivation
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Empathy
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Social skills
✅ PART – C (Essay Type Questions – 5 Marks Each)
Q9. Describe the classification of Psychological Disorders.
Psychological disorders are classified mainly according to DSM-5 and ICD systems.
Major categories:
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Anxiety Disorders – Phobia, Panic Disorder, OCD
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Mood Disorders – Depression, Bipolar Disorder
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Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders
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Eating Disorders – Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa
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Personality Disorders
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders – Autism Spectrum Disorder
Classification helps in proper diagnosis and treatment planning.
Q10. Explain the different approaches to Psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy includes various approaches:
1. Psychodynamic Therapy (Freud)
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Focuses on unconscious conflicts.
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Uses free association and dream analysis.
2. Behaviour Therapy
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Based on learning principles.
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Uses techniques like systematic desensitization and reinforcement.
3. Cognitive Therapy
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Developed by Aaron Beck.
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Changes faulty thinking patterns.
4. Humanistic Therapy
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Developed by Carl Rogers.
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Focuses on self-growth and unconditional positive regard.
5. Alternative Therapies
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Yoga
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Meditation
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Biofeedback
Psychotherapy aims to improve emotional well-being and behavioural adjustment.
✅ 2021 PART–II (Objective Questions – Answers)
1. In the following which is not the type of Intelligence as per Gardner Theory?
✅ Answer: (C) Memory
2. How many primary mental abilities are proposed by Thurston?
✅ Answer: (B) 7
3. __________ refers to an individual’s potential for acquiring some specific skills.
✅ Answer: Aptitude
4. What are Bipolar Disorders?
✅ Answer: Mood disorders in which both mania and depression occur alternately.
5. Which personality type is not described by Sheldon?
✅ Answer: (A) Introversion
6. “General Adaptation Syndrome” concept is given by:
✅ Answer: (D) Hans Selye
7. Who proposed Psychodynamic Therapy?
✅ Answer: (C) Sigmund Freud
8. Which process is not involved in Impression Formation?
✅ Answer: (B) Prediction
9. Religion is an example of which type of group?
✅ Answer: (C) Formal Group
10. What do you mean by Social Distance?
✅ Answer: The degree of closeness or acceptance between different social groups.
11. Which is not a cause of group conflict?
✅ Answer: (D) Reward Structure
12. Which is the most indirect form of social influence?
✅ Answer: (C) Conformity
13. The reaction to external stressors is called:
✅ Answer: Stress
14. What is Eustress?
✅ Answer: Positive stress that enhances performance.
15. Physical, Emotional & Psychological exhaustion state is called:
✅ Answer: Burnout
16. Who formulated Rational Emotive Therapy?
✅ Answer: Albert Ellis
17. The concept of cognitive dissonance was proposed by:
✅ Answer: Leon Festinger
18. Define Crowd.
✅ Answer: A temporary collection of people gathered at a place without formal organization.
19. What is Personal Identity?
✅ Answer: An individual’s unique characteristics and self-definition.
20. What do you understand by self-esteem?
✅ Answer: A person’s evaluation of his or her own worth.
21. Our ability to organize & monitor our own behaviour is called:
✅ Answer: Self-regulation
22. The instinctual life force that energises the Id is called:
✅ Answer: Libido
23. Name the Four D’s of Abnormality.
✅ Answer:
-
Deviance
-
Distress
-
Dysfunction
-
Danger
24. What is the full form of DSM-5?
✅ Answer: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Edition
25. Dissociative Identity Disorder is often referred to as:
✅ Answer: Multiple Personality Disorder
26. Which of the following are eating disorders?
✅ Answer: (D) All of the above
27. (Continuation – if included in paper structure)
✅ Correct answer as per paper: (Handled above if applicable)
HBSE Class 12 Psychology – 2023 Full Paper Solutions (English Medium)
✅ PART – A (Objective Type Questions)
(1 Mark Each)
1. Who defined intelligence as the ability to judge well, understand well and reason well?
✅ Answer: (c) Alfred Binet
2. Who introduced the concept of Emotional Intelligence?
✅ Answer: (b) Salovey & Mayer
3. Judgment about one’s own worth is called:
✅ Answer: (c) Self Esteem
4. Who classified traits into Cardinal, Central and Secondary traits?
✅ Answer: (d) Gordon Allport
5. Repression, Projection and Denial cannot be placed in Defence Mechanism.
✅ Answer: False
6. Some people cannot identify stress patterns or severity of symptoms.
✅ Answer: True
7. When an electrical impulse reaches neuron ending, chemical released is:
✅ Answer: Neurotransmitter
8. Free association belongs to:
✅ Answer: (c) Psychodynamic Therapy
9. Balance theory was proposed by:
✅ Answer: (c) Fritz Heider
10. People work less in a group than alone.
✅ Answer: True (Social Loafing)
11. Gas responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy:
✅ Answer: (d) M.I.C.
12. Required quality for counselling skill:
✅ Answer: (d) All of the above
✅ PART – B (Very Short Answer – 2 Marks Each)
13. Difference between Interest and Aptitude:
| Interest | Aptitude |
|---|---|
| Liking for an activity | Potential to learn a skill |
| Emotional preference | Ability-based potential |
14. Three levels of Consciousness:
-
Conscious
-
Preconscious
-
Unconscious
(Freud’s Model)
15. Any two stress management techniques:
-
Relaxation techniques
-
Time management
-
Meditation
-
Exercise
16. Utility of classification of psychological disorders:
-
Helps diagnosis
-
Guides treatment
-
Facilitates research
-
Improves communication among professionals
17. Types of Hallucination:
-
Auditory
-
Visual
-
Tactile
-
Olfactory
18. Relationship between attitude and behaviour:
Attitudes influence behaviour, but behaviour may not always match attitude due to situational factors.
19. Characteristics of pro-social behaviour:
-
Voluntary
-
Helpful
-
No expectation of reward
-
Socially beneficial
20. Why do people join groups?
-
Security
-
Status
-
Goal achievement
-
Affiliation
21. Symptoms of PTSD:
-
Flashbacks
-
Nightmares
-
Hyperarousal
-
Avoidance behaviour
22. How to promote pro-environmental behaviour?
-
Awareness campaigns
-
Reinforcement
-
Education
-
Government policies
✅ PART – C (Short Answer – 3 Marks Each)
23. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)
Three types:
-
Analytical Intelligence
-
Creative Intelligence
-
Practical Intelligence
24. Any one projective technique:
Rorschach Inkblot Test
-
Inkblot cards shown
-
Person interprets images
-
Reveals unconscious conflicts
25. Types of Stress:
-
Eustress
-
Distress
-
Acute stress
-
Chronic stress
26. Ethics in Psychotherapy:
-
Confidentiality
-
Informed consent
-
Professional competence
-
Non-maleficence
-
Respect for client dignity
27. Alternative therapies:
-
Yoga
-
Meditation
-
Biofeedback
-
Acupuncture
28. Types of Groups:
-
Primary & Secondary
-
Formal & Informal
-
In-group & Out-group
✅ PART – D (Essay Type – 5 Marks Each)
29. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Gardner proposed 8 types:
-
Linguistic
-
Logical-Mathematical
-
Spatial
-
Musical
-
Bodily-Kinesthetic
-
Interpersonal
-
Intrapersonal
-
Naturalistic
Each person has unique combination of intelligences.
30. Relationship between Creativity and Intelligence
-
Intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity.
-
Creativity involves originality, flexibility and divergent thinking.
-
High IQ does not guarantee creativity.
-
Threshold theory suggests moderate intelligence is required for creativity.
HBSE Class 12 Psychology – 2024 Full Paper Solutions (English Medium)
✅ PART – A (Objective Type Questions – 1 Mark Each)
1. Who proposed the theory of primary mental abilities?
✅ Answer: (b) Thurston
2. Which is NOT an element of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?
✅ Answer: (c) Musical Intelligence
3. In which culture self and group are separate entities?
✅ Answer: (b) Western
4. Who developed Client-Centred Therapy?
✅ Answer: (b) Rogers
5. Persons prone to depression are:
✅ Answer: (d) Type ‘D’
6. Reaction to external stressor is called:
✅ Answer: (b) Distress
7. Intelligence involving monitoring one’s own and others’ emotions is:
✅ Answer: Emotional Intelligence
8. Mood disorder with mania and depression is:
✅ Answer: Bipolar Disorder
9. According to Tuckman, groups pass through:
✅ Answer: Four stages
(Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing)
10. Who devised the concept of IQ?
✅ Answer: William Stern
11. Who developed 16 PF Questionnaire?
✅ Answer: Raymond Cattell
12. Full form of ICD:
✅ Answer: International Classification of Diseases
13. Assertion–Reason (Eustress)
Both A and R are true and R explains A.
✅ Answer: (a)
14. Assertion–Reason (Attitude & Prejudice)
Both A and R are true and R explains A.
✅ Answer: (a)
15. Assertion–Reason (In-group & Out-group)
Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation.
✅ Answer: (b)
✅ PART – B (Very Short Answer – 2 Marks Each)
16. Define Aptitude.
Aptitude is an individual’s potential or capacity to learn and develop proficiency in a particular area.
17. What is Self-Concept?
Self-concept is the perception and evaluation of oneself including beliefs, attributes and abilities.
18. Alarm Reaction Stage of GAS:
First stage of stress response where body prepares for fight or flight by releasing adrenaline.
(OR)
Social Stress: Stress arising from interaction with society, discrimination or social pressures.
19. What is Phobia?
An irrational and excessive fear of a specific object, situation or activity.
20. Therapeutic Relationship:
A professional relationship between therapist and client based on trust, empathy and confidentiality.
21. Two-Step Concept of Attitude Change:
-
Message received by opinion leaders
-
Opinion leaders influence others
(OR)
Scapegoating: Blaming weaker groups for problems caused by others.
✅ PART – C (Short Answer – 3 Marks Each)
22. How does stress affect immune system?
-
Reduces immunity
-
Increases susceptibility to illness
-
Long-term stress weakens resistance
-
High cortisol affects immune functioning
23. Autism Spectrum Disorder:
-
Neurodevelopmental disorder
-
Difficulty in social communication
-
Restricted and repetitive behaviours
(OR)
Alcohol Abuse:
-
Excessive drinking
-
Loss of control
-
Social and health problems
24. Ethics in Psychotherapy:
-
Confidentiality
-
Informed consent
-
Professional competence
-
Respect and dignity
-
Non-exploitation
25. Systematic Desensitization:
Behaviour therapy technique used to treat phobia through gradual exposure and relaxation training.
26. Factors influencing attitude formation:
-
Family
-
School
-
Reference groups
-
Media
-
Personal experience
27. How to reduce Social Loafing?
-
Make individuals accountable
-
Reduce group size
-
Increase motivation
-
Assign specific roles
✅ PART – D (Essay Type – 5 Marks Each)
28. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Gardner proposed 8 intelligences:
-
Linguistic
-
Logical-Mathematical
-
Spatial
-
Musical
-
Bodily-Kinesthetic
-
Interpersonal
-
Intrapersonal
-
Naturalistic
Each individual has unique combination.
(OR)
Relationship between Creativity & Intelligence:
-
Intelligence supports creativity
-
Divergent thinking important
-
Threshold theory
HBSE Class 12 Psychology – 2025 Full Paper Solutions (English Medium)
✅ PART – A (Objective Type Questions – 1 Mark Each)
1. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was first calculated by:
✅ Answer: (b) William Stern
2. Which of the following is not a defence mechanism?
✅ Answer: (c) Intelligence
3. Which personality trait is related to emotional instability?
✅ Answer: (d) Neuroticism
4. Who proposed the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome?
✅ Answer: (c) Hans Selye
5. DSM-5 stands for:
✅ Answer: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Edition
6. Excessive alcohol consumption disorder is called:
✅ Answer: Alcohol Use Disorder
7. Emotional Intelligence includes:
✅ Answer: (d) All of the above
8. People feel less responsible in a group. This is:
✅ Answer: Diffusion of Responsibility
9. Attitude has how many components?
✅ Answer: Three
(Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural)
10. Which therapy uses free association?
✅ Answer: Psychodynamic Therapy
11. Which is an example of projective technique?
✅ Answer: Rorschach Inkblot Test
12. Which is not a type of anxiety disorder?
✅ Answer: Bipolar Disorder
✅ PART – B (Very Short Answer – 2 Marks Each)
13. Define Aptitude.
Aptitude is the potential ability of an individual to learn a skill or acquire knowledge in a specific area.
14. What is Self-Efficacy?
Self-efficacy is a person’s belief in their ability to perform tasks successfully.
15. Two sources of stress:
-
Environmental stress
-
Psychological stress
16. Define Hallucination.
Hallucination is perception without external stimulus.
17. Ethics in Counselling:
-
Confidentiality
-
Informed consent
-
Non-judgmental attitude
18. What is Conformity?
Conformity is adjusting one’s behaviour or beliefs to match group norms.
19. What is Prejudice?
Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a person based on group membership.
20. What is Pro-social Behaviour?
Voluntary behaviour intended to benefit others.
✅ PART – C (Short Answer – 3 Marks Each)
21. Big Five Personality Traits:
-
Openness
-
Conscientiousness
-
Extraversion
-
Agreeableness
-
Neuroticism
22. Effects of Stress:
-
Headache
-
High blood pressure
-
Anxiety
-
Irritability
-
Weak immunity
23. Anxiety Disorders:
-
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
-
Phobia
-
Panic Disorder
-
OCD
24. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT):
-
Combines cognitive & behavioural approach
-
Changes negative thought patterns
-
Uses homework and behavioural exercises
25. Factors influencing attitude change:
-
Source credibility
-
Message quality
-
Emotional appeal
-
Audience characteristics
26. Tuckman’s Stages of Group Formation:
-
Forming
-
Storming
-
Norming
-
Performing
✅ PART – D (Essay Type – 5 Marks Each)
27. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory:
Eight intelligences:
-
Linguistic
-
Logical-Mathematical
-
Spatial
-
Musical
-
Bodily-Kinesthetic
-
Interpersonal
-
Intrapersonal
-
Naturalistic
Each individual possesses unique intelligence profile.
(OR)
Relationship between Creativity and Intelligence:
-
Intelligence helps problem-solving
-
Creativity involves originality
-
Divergent thinking important
-
Threshold theory explains minimum IQ required
🔥 100 RAPID FIRE MCQs (WITHOUT ANSWERS)
🧠 INTELLIGENCE & CREATIVITY
-
Who developed the first intelligence test?
A) Binet B) Stern C) Gardner D) Spearman -
IQ formula was given by:
A) Stern B) Binet C) Freud D) Thurstone -
IQ = ?
A) MA/CA ×100 B) CA/MA ×100 C) MA+CA D) MA–CA -
Primary Mental Abilities were proposed by:
A) Gardner B) Thurstone C) Spearman D) Stern -
Triarchic Theory was proposed by:
A) Gardner B) Sternberg C) Binet D) Cattell -
Practical intelligence deals with:
A) School learning B) Novel ideas C) Real-life skills D) Music -
Musical intelligence was proposed by:
A) Gardner B) Sternberg C) Freud D) Ellis -
Divergent thinking is related to:
A) Memory B) Intelligence C) Creativity D) Aptitude -
Aptitude refers to:
A) Interest B) Skill C) Potential ability D) Hobby -
Emotional Intelligence includes:
A) Empathy B) Memory C) IQ D) Reflex
👤 SELF & PERSONALITY
-
Self-esteem means:
A) Self-control B) Self-worth C) Self-image D) Self-efficacy -
Self-efficacy concept was given by:
A) Bandura B) Freud C) Rogers D) Ellis -
Id works on:
A) Reality principle B) Moral principle C) Pleasure principle D) Ego -
Ego works on:
A) Pleasure B) Reality C) Moral D) Fantasy -
Superego represents:
A) Instincts B) Morals C) Reality D) Desires -
Repression is:
A) Denial B) Projection C) Pushing into unconscious D) Rationalisation -
Projection means:
A) Accept reality B) Blame others C) Ignore stress D) Escape -
16 PF was developed by:
A) Cattell B) Allport C) Freud D) Stern -
Big Five includes:
A) OCEAN B) ICEAN C) ABCDE D) IQEQ -
Type A personality is:
A) Relaxed B) Competitive C) Calm D) Slow
😰 STRESS & COPING
-
GAS was proposed by:
A) Freud B) Selye C) Stern D) Gardner -
First stage of GAS:
A) Resistance B) Alarm C) Exhaustion D) Collapse -
Positive stress is:
A) Distress B) Burnout C) Eustress D) Trauma -
Burnout means:
A) Physical injury B) Emotional exhaustion C) Fear D) IQ loss -
Problem-focused coping aims to:
A) Change emotion B) Change stressor C) Avoid stress D) Ignore -
Meditation helps in:
A) Stress increase B) Stress reduction C) IQ decrease D) Anxiety increase
🧩 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
-
Four D’s include:
A) Danger B) Distress C) Deviance D) All -
DSM-5 stands for:
A) Diagnostic Manual B) Statistical Manual C) Both D) None -
Irrational fear is:
A) OCD B) Phobia C) PTSD D) Mania -
Bipolar disorder includes:
A) Anxiety B) Mania & Depression C) OCD D) Fear -
Hallucination is:
A) False belief B) False perception C) Fear D) Dream -
Delusion is:
A) False belief B) False perception C) Stress D) Fear -
PTSD occurs after:
A) Happiness B) Trauma C) IQ test D) Sleep -
OCD includes:
A) Obsession B) Compulsion C) Both D) None
🛋 THERAPIES
-
Free association belongs to:
A) CBT B) Behaviour therapy C) Psychoanalysis D) Yoga -
CBT combines:
A) Cognitive & Behaviour B) IQ & EQ C) Stress & Fear D) None -
RET was given by:
A) Rogers B) Ellis C) Freud D) Beck -
Client-centred therapy was given by:
A) Rogers B) Freud C) Ellis D) Stern -
Systematic desensitization treats:
A) Depression B) Phobia C) IQ D) Mania -
Confidentiality is:
A) Optional B) Ethical principle C) Illegal D) None
👥 ATTITUDE & SOCIAL INFLUENCE
-
Attitude has how many components?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 -
Cognitive dissonance was proposed by:
A) Heider B) Festinger C) Freud D) Ellis -
Balance theory was proposed by:
A) Festinger B) Heider C) Stern D) Gardner -
Prejudice is:
A) Positive attitude B) Negative attitude C) Skill D) IQ -
Conformity is:
A) Direct influence B) Indirect influence C) Therapy D) Disorder -
Compliance means:
A) Refuse request B) Agree to request C) Ignore D) Punish -
Obedience involves:
A) Authority B) Friend C) Group D) Crowd
👨👩👧👦 GROUP PROCESSES
-
Social loafing means:
A) More effort B) Less effort C) Equal effort D) No group -
Diffusion of responsibility occurs in:
A) Individual B) Crowd C) Therapy D) School -
Tuckman stages include:
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
🧠 INTELLIGENCE & PERSONALITY
-
Spearman proposed:
A) Multiple Intelligence
B) g-factor Theory
C) Triarchic Theory
D) Emotional Intelligence -
g-factor represents:
A) General ability
B) Specific skill
C) Creativity
D) Interest -
Sternberg’s analytical intelligence is related to:
A) Practical tasks
B) Academic problem solving
C) Music
D) Emotions -
Gardner’s naturalistic intelligence relates to:
A) Numbers
B) Nature
C) Language
D) Memory -
Cardinal traits are:
A) Dominant traits
B) Weak traits
C) Temporary traits
D) Situational traits -
Central traits are:
A) Rare traits
B) Major characteristics
C) Hidden traits
D) Minor habits -
Neuroticism is related to:
A) Emotional stability
B) Emotional instability
C) Intelligence
D) Creativity -
Type B personality is:
A) Competitive
B) Aggressive
C) Relaxed
D) Impatient -
Self-concept develops through:
A) Isolation
B) Social interaction
C) Therapy
D) Memory -
Personal identity differs from social identity because it is:
A) Group-based
B) Unique to individual
C) Cultural
D) Formal
😰 STRESS & HEALTH
-
Chronic stress leads to:
A) Strong immunity
B) Weak immunity
C) Higher IQ
D) Better memory -
Resistance stage of GAS means:
A) Collapse
B) Body fights stress
C) Panic
D) No response -
Exhaustion stage occurs when:
A) Energy remains
B) Resources depleted
C) Stress ends
D) IQ increases -
Emotion-focused coping aims to:
A) Remove stressor
B) Change feelings
C) Avoid people
D) Increase tension -
Social support helps in:
A) Increasing stress
B) Reducing stress
C) Causing burnout
D) Ignoring stress -
Burnout mainly occurs due to:
A) Short rest
B) Long-term stress
C) IQ loss
D) Phobia
🧩 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
-
Deviance refers to:
A) Socially unacceptable behaviour
B) Happiness
C) Intelligence
D) Relaxation -
Dysfunction means:
A) Efficient work
B) Impaired functioning
C) Happiness
D) Therapy -
Anxiety disorder includes:
A) Phobia
B) Mania
C) IQ
D) Memory -
Mania is characterised by:
A) Sadness
B) High energy
C) Fear
D) Hallucination -
Depression includes:
A) Excess happiness
B) Persistent sadness
C) Anger only
D) Fear only -
Schizophrenia involves:
A) Clear thinking
B) Disturbed thought & perception
C) High IQ
D) Creativity -
Substance use disorder affects:
A) Behaviour
B) Mood
C) Health
D) All -
Autism Spectrum Disorder mainly affects:
A) Memory
B) Social communication
C) IQ only
D) Height
🛋 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
-
Behaviour therapy is based on:
A) Learning principles
B) Unconscious conflict
C) Dreams
D) Astrology -
Systematic desensitization uses:
A) Relaxation & gradual exposure
B) Shock therapy
C) Medicine only
D) IQ test -
Beck developed:
A) Psychoanalysis
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Yoga therapy
D) Group therapy -
Unconditional positive regard is given by:
A) Freud
B) Rogers
C) Ellis
D) Stern -
Therapeutic alliance refers to:
A) Contract
B) Trust between therapist & client
C) Money
D) Diagnosis -
Biofeedback helps in controlling:
A) Height
B) Physiological responses
C) IQ
D) Intelligence
👥 ATTITUDE & SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
-
Affective component of attitude refers to:
A) Beliefs
B) Emotions
C) Actions
D) IQ -
Behavioural component refers to:
A) Thinking
B) Feeling
C) Action tendency
D) Memory -
Discrimination is:
A) Positive action
B) Negative behaviour
C) IQ test
D) Therapy -
Conformity increases when group is:
A) Small
B) Unanimous
C) Divided
D) Weak -
Compliance technique “Foot-in-the-door” means:
A) Big request first
B) Small request first
C) Refuse request
D) Punishment -
“Door-in-the-face” technique means:
A) Small request first
B) Large request first
C) Ignore
D) Accept immediately -
Obedience studies were conducted by:
A) Milgram
B) Freud
C) Rogers
D) Ellis -
Social distance refers to:
A) Physical gap
B) Emotional distance between groups
C) IQ difference
D) Therapy
👨👩👧👦 GROUP PROCESSES
-
Primary groups are:
A) Formal
B) Close & personal
C) Large
D) Official -
In-group bias means:
A) Favouring own group
B) Favouring outsiders
C) Ignoring group
D) Therapy -
Intergroup conflict can be reduced by:
A) Competition
B) Superordinate goals
C) Isolation
D) Prejudice -
Crowd behaviour shows:
A) Individual control
B) Diffusion of responsibility
C) Therapy
D) IQ -
Social loafing decreases when:
A) Accountability increases
B) Group is large
C) Task is easy
D) No monitoring -
Forming stage involves:
A) Conflict
B) Introduction
C) Productivity
D) Collapse -
Storming stage includes:
A) Harmony
B) Conflict
C) Completion
D) Celebration -
Norming stage involves:
A) Conflict
B) Rules & unity
C) Collapse
D) Isolation -
Performing stage focuses on:
A) Fighting
B) Task completion
C) Introduction
D) Separation -
Pro-social behaviour includes:
A) Helping others
B) Harming others
C) Ignoring others
D) Competing -
Cooperation promotes:
A) Conflict
B) Harmony
C) Isolation
D) Anxiety -
Group polarization means:
A) Moderate decisions
B) Extreme group decisions
C) No decision
D) IQ change
| Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | 26 | B | 51 | B | 76 | A |
| 2 | A | 27 | D | 52 | A | 77 | B |
| 3 | A | 28 | C | 53 | B | 78 | B |
| 4 | B | 29 | B | 54 | B | 79 | B |
| 5 | B | 30 | B | 55 | A | 80 | B |
| 6 | C | 31 | B | 56 | B | 81 | B |
| 7 | A | 32 | A | 57 | B | 82 | C |
| 8 | C | 33 | B | 58 | C | 83 | B |
| 9 | C | 34 | C | 59 | B | 84 | B |
| 10 | A | 35 | C | 60 | B | 85 | B |
| 11 | B | 36 | A | 61 | B | 86 | B |
| 12 | A | 37 | B | 62 | B | 87 | A |
| 13 | C | 38 | A | 63 | B | 88 | B |
| 14 | B | 39 | B | 64 | B | 89 | B |
| 15 | B | 40 | B | 65 | B | 90 | A |
| 16 | C | 41 | B | 66 | B | 91 | B |
| 17 | B | 42 | B | 67 | A | 92 | B |
| 18 | A | 43 | B | 68 | B | 93 | A |
| 19 | A | 44 | B | 69 | A | 94 | B |
| 20 | B | 45 | B | 70 | B | 95 | B |
| 21 | B | 46 | B | 71 | B | 96 | B |
| 22 | B | 47 | A | 72 | B | 97 | B |
| 23 | C | 48 | B | 73 | D | 98 | A |
| 24 | B | 49 | B | 74 | B | 99 | B |
| 25 | B | 50 | C | 75 | A | 100 | B |
🔥 MOST REPEATED & TRENDING TOPICS (PYQs)
🧠 1️⃣ Intelligence – Long & Short Answers Trend
🔁 Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
(2021, 2023, 2024)
Very frequent 3–5 mark question.
Analytical, Creative & Practical intelligence repeatedly asked.
🔁 Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
Most repeated 5-mark question.
Almost every alternate year.
🔁 Relationship between Creativity & Intelligence
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
Asked as 5-mark alternative question multiple times.
🔁 Aptitude vs Interest (Difference)
(2023, 2024, 2025)
Repeated 2-mark comparison.
👤 2️⃣ Personality – High Probability Zone
🔁 Big Five Personality Traits
(2021, 2024, 2025)
Repeated short answer.
🔁 Freud’s Structure of Personality (Id, Ego, Superego)
(2021, 2023)
Theory-based short explanation repeatedly asked.
🔁 Defence Mechanisms (Repression, Projection, Denial)
(2021, 2023, 2024)
Frequently asked in short answers.
🔁 Type A & Type B Personality
(2021, 2024)
Repeated comparison type question.
😰 3️⃣ Stress & Coping – VERY HOT TREND 🔥
🔁 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
(2021, 2024, 2025)
High repetition 3-mark question.
🔁 Effects of Stress on Health
(2023, 2024, 2025)
Repeated short answer.
🔁 Stress Management Techniques
(2021, 2023, 2024)
Very common 2–3 mark question.
🔁 Eustress vs Distress
(2021, 2024)
Repeated conceptual differentiation.
🧩 4️⃣ Psychological Disorders – Strong Repetition
🔁 Four D’s of Abnormality
(2021, 2025)
Repeated definition-based concept.
🔁 Classification of Psychological Disorders
(2021, 2023)
Major 5-mark theory question.
🔁 Anxiety Disorders (Phobia, OCD, Panic)
(2021, 2023, 2025)
Frequently asked short answer.
🔁 Bipolar Disorder
(2021, 2024, 2025)
Repeated conceptual question.
🔁 Hallucination vs Delusion
(2023, 2025)
Common 2-mark concept.
🔁 PTSD
(2023, 2025)
Repeated short explanation.
🛋 5️⃣ Therapeutic Approaches – MOST CONSISTENT SECTION
🔁 Approaches to Psychotherapy
(2021, 2023)
Very common 5-mark question.
🔁 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
(2023, 2025)
Repeated 3-mark question.
🔁 Client-Centred Therapy (Rogers)
(2024, 2025)
Frequently appearing short question.
🔁 Ethics in Psychotherapy
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
One of the MOST repeated short answer topics.
🔁 Systematic Desensitization
(2024, 2025)
Repeated therapy technique question.
👥 6️⃣ Attitude & Social Cognition – HIGHLY REPEATED
🔁 Components of Attitude (ABC Model)
(2024, 2025)
Repeated 2-mark conceptual question.
🔁 Cognitive Dissonance Theory
(2021, 2023)
Repeated theory-based question.
🔁 Balance Theory (Heider)
(2023, 2024)
Repeated conceptual question.
🔁 Prejudice & Discrimination
(2023, 2025)
Repeated short answers.
👨👩👧👦 7️⃣ Social Influence & Group Processes – VERY HOT 🔥
🔁 Tuckman’s Stages of Group Development
(2024, 2025)
Repeated 3-mark question.
🔁 Social Loafing
(2023, 2024, 2025)
Highly repeated.
🔁 Conformity, Compliance, Obedience
(2021, 2023, 2025)
Repeated theory questions.
🔁 In-group & Out-group
(2023, 2024)
Repeated conceptual explanation.
🔁 Pro-social Behaviour
(2023, 2025)
Repeated short answer.
🎯 MOST DANGEROUSLY REPEATED (2026 HIGH PROBABILITY)
These have appeared 3+ times:
🔥 Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence
🔥 Creativity & Intelligence
🔥 Ethics in Psychotherapy
🔥 Stress Effects & Management
🔥 Social Loafing
🔥 CBT
🔥 Anxiety Disorders
🔥 GAS (Hans Selye)
📊 TREND SUMMARY (2021–2025)
-
Intelligence & Creativity always present in long answers
-
Stress & Coping increasing trend
-
Social Psychology questions rising in frequency
-
Therapy & Ethics almost fixed section
-
Direct theory-based structured answers preferred
🧠 UNIT 1 – INTELLIGENCE & CREATIVITY
✅ 1. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (3–5 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024)
🔹 3 Marks Answer:
Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
It includes three types:
-
Analytical Intelligence – Ability to solve academic problems.
-
Creative Intelligence – Ability to deal with novel situations.
-
Practical Intelligence – Ability to handle everyday life problems.
🔹 5 Marks Answer:
Sternberg proposed that intelligence is not a single ability but consists of three components:
-
Analytical Intelligence – Used in reasoning, evaluating and solving logical problems.
-
Creative Intelligence – Helps in generating new ideas and handling unfamiliar tasks.
-
Practical Intelligence – Also called “street smartness”, used in real-life adaptation.
This theory explains intelligence beyond IQ and emphasizes practical success.
✅ 2. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
Howard Gardner proposed that intelligence is not single but multiple.
He identified 8 types:
-
Linguistic
-
Logical-Mathematical
-
Spatial
-
Musical
-
Bodily-Kinesthetic
-
Interpersonal
-
Intrapersonal
-
Naturalistic
Each individual has a unique combination of these intelligences.
✅ 3. Relationship Between Creativity & Intelligence (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
Creativity and intelligence are related but not identical.
-
Intelligence helps in problem solving.
-
Creativity involves originality and flexibility.
-
Divergent thinking is essential for creativity.
-
Threshold theory states that a certain level of intelligence is necessary for creativity, but high IQ alone does not guarantee creativity.
✅ 4. Aptitude vs Interest (2 Marks)
(2023, 2024, 2025)
| Aptitude | Interest |
|---|---|
| Potential ability | Liking for activity |
| Skill-based | Emotion-based |
| Measured by tests | Measured by preference |
👤 UNIT 2 – PERSONALITY
✅ 5. Big Five Personality Traits (3 Marks)
(2021, 2024, 2025)
The Big Five model includes:
-
Openness
-
Conscientiousness
-
Extraversion
-
Agreeableness
-
Neuroticism
It is also called OCEAN model.
✅ 6. Freud’s Structure of Personality (3–5 Marks)
(2021, 2023)
🔹 3 Marks:
Freud proposed three structures:
-
Id – Pleasure principle
-
Ego – Reality principle
-
Superego – Moral values
🔹 5 Marks:
According to Freud:
-
Id is unconscious and seeks immediate gratification.
-
Ego balances id and reality.
-
Superego represents internalized moral standards.
These three interact to shape personality.
✅ 7. Defence Mechanisms (3 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024)
Defence mechanisms reduce anxiety.
Examples:
-
Repression – Blocking painful thoughts.
-
Projection – Blaming others.
-
Denial – Refusing reality.
✅ 8. Type A vs Type B Personality (3 Marks)
(2021, 2024)
| Type A | Type B |
|---|---|
| Competitive | Relaxed |
| Impatient | Calm |
| High stress | Low stress |
😰 UNIT 3 – STRESS & COPING
✅ 9. General Adaptation Syndrome (3–5 Marks)
(2021, 2024, 2025)
🔹 3 Marks:
Hans Selye proposed GAS.
It includes:
-
Alarm
-
Resistance
-
Exhaustion
🔹 5 Marks:
-
Alarm stage: Body prepares for fight or flight.
-
Resistance stage: Body tries to cope.
-
Exhaustion stage: Energy depleted, illness may occur.
✅ 10. Effects of Stress on Health (3 Marks)
(2023, 2024, 2025)
-
Weak immunity
-
High blood pressure
-
Headache
-
Anxiety
-
Sleep disturbance
✅ 11. Stress Management Techniques (3 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024)
-
Meditation
-
Yoga
-
Time management
-
Exercise
-
Social support
✅ 12. Eustress vs Distress (2 Marks)
(2021, 2024)
| Eustress | Distress |
|---|---|
| Positive stress | Negative stress |
| Motivates | Causes anxiety |
🧩 UNIT 4 – PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
✅ 13. Four D’s of Abnormality (3 Marks)
(2021, 2025)
-
Deviance
-
Distress
-
Dysfunction
-
Danger
✅ 14. Classification of Psychological Disorders (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023)
Major categories:
-
Anxiety disorders
-
Mood disorders
-
Schizophrenia
-
Personality disorders
-
Substance use disorders
Classification helps diagnosis and treatment.
✅ 15. Anxiety Disorders (3 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2025)
-
Phobia
-
Panic Disorder
-
OCD
-
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
✅ 16. Bipolar Disorder (3 Marks)
(2021, 2024, 2025)
Mood disorder involving:
-
Mania (high energy)
-
Depression (low mood)
✅ 17. Hallucination vs Delusion (2 Marks)
(2023, 2025)
| Hallucination | Delusion |
|---|---|
| False perception | False belief |
| Seeing/hearing without stimulus | Firm false idea |
✅ 18. PTSD (3 Marks)
(2023, 2025)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs after trauma.
Symptoms:
-
Flashbacks
-
Nightmares
-
Hyperarousal
-
Avoidance behaviour
🛋 UNIT 5 – THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
✅ 19. Approaches to Psychotherapy (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023)
-
Psychodynamic therapy
-
Behaviour therapy
-
Cognitive therapy
-
Humanistic therapy
Each focuses on different aspects of behaviour change.
✅ 20. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (3 Marks)
(2023, 2025)
CBT combines cognitive and behavioural methods.
It changes negative thinking patterns and behaviour.
✅ 21. Client-Centred Therapy (3 Marks)
(2024, 2025)
Developed by Carl Rogers.
Focuses on:
-
Empathy
-
Unconditional positive regard
-
Genuineness
✅ 22. Ethics in Psychotherapy (3 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
-
Confidentiality
-
Informed consent
-
Professional competence
-
Respect for client dignity
✅ 23. Systematic Desensitization (3 Marks)
(2024, 2025)
A behavioural technique to treat phobia through gradual exposure and relaxation training.
👥 UNIT 6 – ATTITUDE & SOCIAL COGNITION
✅ 24. Components of Attitude (3 Marks)
(2024, 2025)
-
Cognitive (beliefs)
-
Affective (feelings)
-
Behavioural (action tendency)
✅ 25. Cognitive Dissonance Theory (3–5 Marks)
(2021, 2023)
Leon Festinger proposed that inconsistency between beliefs and behaviour causes psychological discomfort, leading to attitude change.
✅ 26. Balance Theory (3 Marks)
(2023, 2024)
Proposed by Fritz Heider.
People prefer balanced relationships between person, others and objects.
✅ 27. Prejudice & Discrimination (3 Marks)
(2023, 2025)
Prejudice – Negative attitude toward group.
Discrimination – Negative behaviour toward group.
👨👩👧👦 UNIT 7 – GROUP PROCESSES
✅ 28. Tuckman’s Stages (3 Marks)
(2024, 2025)
-
Forming
-
Storming
-
Norming
-
Performing
✅ 29. Social Loafing (3 Marks)
(2023, 2024, 2025)
Reduced individual effort when working in group.
✅ 30. Conformity, Compliance, Obedience (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2025)
-
Conformity – Adjusting to group norms.
-
Compliance – Agreeing to request.
-
Obedience – Following authority orders.
📘 HBSE Class 12 Psychology – FINAL 2026 SURE SHOT QUESTION BANK
✔ Based on 2021–2025 Trend Analysis
✔ High Repetition + Concept Weightage
✔ Structured According to Marks
✔ No 1-mark questions included
🎯 SECTION A – 2 MARKS (VERY HIGH PROBABILITY)
-
Differentiate between Aptitude and Interest.
-
Differentiate between Eustress and Distress.
-
Differentiate between Hallucination and Delusion.
-
Define Self-esteem and Self-efficacy.
-
Define Prejudice and Discrimination.
-
Define Social Loafing.
-
Define Conformity and Compliance.
-
What are the Four D’s of Abnormality?
-
Define PTSD with two symptoms.
-
Define Burnout.
🔥 SECTION B – 3 MARKS (MOST REPEATED ZONE)
-
Explain Big Five Personality Traits.
-
Explain Freud’s structure of personality.
-
Explain defence mechanisms with examples.
-
Explain General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
-
Explain effects of stress on health.
-
Explain stress management techniques.
-
Explain Anxiety Disorders with examples.
-
Explain Bipolar Disorder.
-
Explain Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT).
-
Explain Client-Centred Therapy.
-
Explain Ethics in Psychotherapy.
-
Explain Systematic Desensitization.
-
Explain components of attitude (ABC model).
-
Explain Balance Theory.
-
Explain Tuckman’s stages of group development.
-
Explain Social Loafing and how to reduce it.
-
Explain Pro-social behaviour.
-
Explain Emotional Intelligence and its components.
💯 SECTION C – 5 MARKS (EXTREMELY IMPORTANT)
-
Explain Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
-
Explain Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory.
-
Explain relationship between Creativity and Intelligence.
-
Explain classification of Psychological Disorders.
-
Explain different approaches to Psychotherapy.
-
Explain Cognitive Dissonance Theory.
-
Explain Conformity, Compliance and Obedience.
-
Explain Stress and its types with coping strategies.
-
Explain Personality assessment methods.
-
Explain causes and treatment of Anxiety Disorders.
🚨 ULTRA-HIGH PROBABILITY (Appeared 3+ Times)
🔥 Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence
🔥 Creativity & Intelligence
🔥 Ethics in Psychotherapy
🔥 Stress Effects & GAS
🔥 Social Loafing
🔥 CBT
🔥 Anxiety Disorders
🔥 Tuckman’s Stages
🎯 2026 PREDICTION STRATEGY
If students prepare:
✔ All 5-mark questions thoroughly
✔ 10–12 strong 3-mark answers
✔ Clear definitions for 2-mark
They can easily cover 70–80% of expected paper pattern.
