HBSE CLASS 12 PSYCHOLOGY 2026 | COMPLETE REVISION | PYQs 2021-25
100 MOST IMPORTANT REVISION LINES – HBSE Class 12 Psychology
(One-line crisp points – perfect for last-day rapid revision & YouTube live 🔥)
100 MOST IMPORTANT REVISION POINTS – HBSE Class 12 Psychology
🧠 UNIT 1 – INTELLIGENCE & CREATIVITY
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Intelligence is the ability to learn and adapt.
बुद्धिमत्ता सीखने और अनुकूलन करने की क्षमता है। -
Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test.
अल्फ्रेड बिने ने पहला बुद्धिमत्ता परीक्षण विकसित किया। -
IQ = Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age × 100.
आईक्यू = मानसिक आयु ÷ वास्तविक आयु × 100। -
William Stern introduced the IQ formula.
विलियम स्टर्न ने आईक्यू सूत्र दिया। -
Thurstone proposed Primary Mental Abilities.
थर्स्टन ने प्राथमिक मानसिक क्षमताएँ दीं। -
Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Theory.
स्टर्नबर्ग ने त्रिस्तरीय सिद्धांत दिया। -
Analytical intelligence is academic problem-solving ability.
विश्लेषणात्मक बुद्धि शैक्षणिक समस्याएँ हल करने की क्षमता है। -
Creative intelligence deals with new situations.
रचनात्मक बुद्धि नई परिस्थितियों से निपटती है। -
Practical intelligence is street smartness.
व्यावहारिक बुद्धि जीवन कौशल से जुड़ी है। -
Gardner proposed Multiple Intelligence Theory.
गार्डनर ने बहु-बुद्धि सिद्धांत दिया। -
Linguistic intelligence relates to language skills.
भाषाई बुद्धि भाषा कौशल से जुड़ी है। -
Logical-mathematical intelligence relates to reasoning.
तार्किक-गणितीय बुद्धि तर्क से संबंधित है। -
Creativity involves originality and flexibility.
रचनात्मकता मौलिकता और लचीलेपन से जुड़ी है। -
Divergent thinking is important for creativity.
विभेदी सोच रचनात्मकता के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है। -
Aptitude means potential ability.
अभिरुचि (Aptitude) संभावित क्षमता है।
👤 UNIT 2 – SELF & PERSONALITY
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Self-concept is perception about oneself.
स्व-अवधारणा स्वयं के बारे में धारणा है। -
Self-esteem is evaluation of self-worth.
स्वाभिमान स्वयं के मूल्यांकन को कहते हैं। -
Self-efficacy is belief in one’s ability.
आत्म-प्रभावकारिता अपनी क्षमता में विश्वास है। -
Freud proposed Id, Ego and Superego.
फ्रायड ने इड, ईगो और सुपरेगो का सिद्धांत दिया। -
Id works on pleasure principle.
इड सुख सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है। -
Ego works on reality principle.
ईगो वास्तविकता सिद्धांत पर कार्य करता है। -
Superego represents moral values.
सुपरेगो नैतिक मूल्यों का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। -
Repression means pushing painful thoughts into unconscious.
दमन का अर्थ है दुखद विचारों को अवचेतन में दबाना। -
Projection means blaming others.
प्रक्षेपण का अर्थ है अपनी गलती दूसरों पर डालना। -
Big Five traits are OCEAN.
बिग फाइव गुण OCEAN कहलाते हैं। -
Neuroticism relates to emotional instability.
न्यूरोटिसिज्म भावनात्मक अस्थिरता से जुड़ा है। -
Type A personality is competitive.
टाइप A व्यक्तित्व प्रतिस्पर्धी होता है। -
Type B personality is relaxed.
टाइप B व्यक्तित्व शांत और सहज होता है।
😰 UNIT 3 – STRESS & COPING
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Stress is response to demands.
तनाव मांगों के प्रति प्रतिक्रिया है। -
Hans Selye proposed GAS.
हंस सैली ने सामान्य अनुकूलन सिंड्रोम दिया। -
GAS includes Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.
GAS में चेतावनी, प्रतिरोध और थकावट चरण होते हैं। -
Eustress is positive stress.
यू-स्ट्रेस सकारात्मक तनाव है। -
Distress is negative stress.
डिस्ट्रेस नकारात्मक तनाव है। -
Chronic stress weakens immunity.
दीर्घकालिक तनाव प्रतिरक्षा को कमजोर करता है। -
Burnout is emotional exhaustion.
बर्नआउट भावनात्मक थकान है। -
Problem-focused coping changes stressor.
समस्या-केन्द्रित मुकाबला तनाव के कारण को बदलता है। -
Emotion-focused coping manages feelings.
भावना-केन्द्रित मुकाबला भावनाओं को नियंत्रित करता है। -
Meditation reduces stress.
ध्यान तनाव कम करता है। -
Social support improves mental health.
सामाजिक समर्थन मानसिक स्वास्थ्य सुधारता है।
🧩 UNIT 4 – PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
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Abnormality is defined by Four D’s.
असामान्यता चार D से परिभाषित होती है। -
Four D’s are Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger.
चार D हैं: विचलन, पीड़ा, कार्य-अक्षम्यता, खतरा। -
Phobia is irrational fear.
फोबिया अतार्किक भय है। -
OCD includes obsession and compulsion.
OCD में जुनून और बाध्यता शामिल हैं। -
Depression is persistent sadness.
अवसाद लगातार उदासी है। -
Bipolar disorder includes mania and depression.
द्विध्रुवीय विकार में उन्माद और अवसाद दोनों होते हैं। -
Hallucination is false perception.
मतिभ्रम झूठी धारणा है। -
Delusion is false belief.
भ्रम झूठा विश्वास है। -
PTSD occurs after trauma.
PTSD आघात के बाद होता है।
🛋 UNIT 5 – THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
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Psychotherapy treats mental disorders.
मनोचिकित्सा मानसिक विकारों का उपचार करती है। -
Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious conflicts.
मनोविश्लेषण अवचेतन संघर्षों पर केंद्रित है। -
Behaviour therapy is based on learning principles.
व्यवहार चिकित्सा अधिगम सिद्धांतों पर आधारित है। -
CBT changes negative thoughts.
CBT नकारात्मक विचारों को बदलती है। -
Client-centred therapy focuses on empathy.
क्लाइंट-केन्द्रित चिकित्सा सहानुभूति पर आधारित है। -
Confidentiality is an ethical principle.
गोपनीयता एक नैतिक सिद्धांत है। -
Informed consent is necessary.
सूचित सहमति आवश्यक है। -
Systematic desensitization treats phobia.
सिस्टेमेटिक डीसेन्सिटाइजेशन फोबिया का इलाज करता है।
👥 UNIT 6 – ATTITUDE & SOCIAL COGNITION
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Attitude has three components.
दृष्टिकोण के तीन घटक होते हैं। -
Cognitive component means belief.
संज्ञानात्मक घटक का अर्थ विश्वास है। -
Affective component means feeling.
भावनात्मक घटक का अर्थ भावना है। -
Behavioural component means action tendency.
व्यवहारिक घटक का अर्थ क्रिया प्रवृत्ति है। -
Prejudice is negative attitude.
पूर्वाग्रह नकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण है। -
Discrimination is negative behaviour.
भेदभाव नकारात्मक व्यवहार है। -
Cognitive dissonance creates discomfort.
संज्ञानात्मक विसंगति असुविधा पैदा करती है। -
Balance theory was proposed by Heider.
संतुलन सिद्धांत हाइडर ने दिया।
👨👩👧👦 UNIT 7 – GROUP PROCESSES
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A group has common goals.
समूह के साझा लक्ष्य होते हैं। -
Primary groups are close and personal.
प्राथमिक समूह निकट और व्यक्तिगत होते हैं। -
Social loafing means reduced effort.
सामाजिक आलस्य का अर्थ कम प्रयास है। -
Diffusion of responsibility occurs in crowd.
जिम्मेदारी का प्रसार भीड़ में होता है। -
Tuckman proposed four stages of group development.
टकमैन ने समूह विकास के चार चरण दिए। -
Forming stage involves introduction.
फॉर्मिंग चरण में परिचय होता है। -
Storming stage involves conflict.
स्टॉर्मिंग चरण में संघर्ष होता है। -
Norming stage involves unity.
नॉर्मिंग चरण में एकता आती है। -
Performing stage focuses on task completion.
परफॉर्मिंग चरण कार्य पूरा करने पर केंद्रित है। -
Conformity is adjusting to group norms.
अनुरूपता समूह मानदंडों के अनुसार ढलना है। -
Compliance means agreeing to a request.
अनुपालन का अर्थ अनुरोध मानना है। -
Obedience involves authority.
आज्ञापालन में प्राधिकरण शामिल होता है। -
Pro-social behaviour helps others.
सामाजिक-सकारात्मक व्यवहार दूसरों की सहायता करता है। -
Cooperation reduces conflict.
सहयोग संघर्ष कम करता है।
🔥 FINAL RAPID 22 POWER LINES
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Emotional intelligence improves relationships.
भावनात्मक बुद्धि संबंध सुधारती है। -
Optimism enhances well-being.
आशावाद कल्याण बढ़ाता है। -
Chronic stress leads to illness.
दीर्घकालिक तनाव बीमारी का कारण बनता है। -
Therapy aims at behaviour change.
चिकित्सा व्यवहार परिवर्तन का लक्ष्य रखती है। -
Diagnosis helps in treatment planning.
निदान उपचार योजना में सहायता करता है। -
Personality is unique pattern of behaviour.
व्यक्तित्व व्यवहार का अनोखा पैटर्न है। -
Intelligence is not fixed.
बुद्धिमत्ता स्थिर नहीं होती। -
Creativity requires risk-taking.
रचनात्मकता जोखिम लेने की मांग करती है। -
Stress can be motivating.
तनाव प्रेरक भी हो सकता है। -
Mental health includes emotional balance.
मानसिक स्वास्थ्य में भावनात्मक संतुलन शामिल है। -
Social identity affects behaviour.
सामाजिक पहचान व्यवहार को प्रभावित करती है। -
Prejudice can be reduced by education.
शिक्षा से पूर्वाग्रह कम किया जा सकता है। -
Group pressure influences decisions.
समूह दबाव निर्णयों को प्रभावित करता है। -
Therapy requires empathy and trust.
चिकित्सा में सहानुभूति और विश्वास आवश्यक है। -
Positive thinking improves coping.
सकारात्मक सोच मुकाबला क्षमता बढ़ाती है। -
Self-regulation controls behaviour.
आत्म-नियमन व्यवहार नियंत्रित करता है। -
Emotional stability promotes mental health.
भावनात्मक स्थिरता मानसिक स्वास्थ्य को बढ़ाती है। -
Support systems reduce depression.
समर्थन प्रणाली अवसाद कम करती है। -
Balanced attitude promotes harmony.
संतुलित दृष्टिकोण सद्भाव बढ़ाता है। -
Understanding disorders reduces stigma.
विकारों की समझ कलंक कम करती है। -
Social awareness improves cooperation.
सामाजिक जागरूकता सहयोग बढ़ाती है। -
Psychological knowledge improves life quality.
मनोवैज्ञानिक ज्ञान जीवन की गुणवत्ता सुधारता है।
HBSE Class 12 Psychology – 50 MOST IMPORTANT PYQs
🔥 भाग – A (2 अंक के अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न)
1. अभिरुचि (Aptitude) और रुचि (Interest) में अंतर लिखिए।
उत्तर:
अभिरुचि किसी कार्य को सीखने की संभावित क्षमता है, जबकि रुचि किसी कार्य के प्रति लगाव या पसंद है।
2. यू-स्ट्रेस और डिस्ट्रेस में अंतर लिखिए।
उत्तर:
यू-स्ट्रेस सकारात्मक तनाव है जो प्रेरित करता है, जबकि डिस्ट्रेस नकारात्मक तनाव है जो चिंता उत्पन्न करता है।
3. मतिभ्रम (Hallucination) और भ्रम (Delusion) में अंतर लिखिए।
उत्तर:
मतिभ्रम झूठी संवेदना है, जबकि भ्रम झूठा विश्वास है।
4. आत्म-सम्मान (Self-esteem) क्या है?
उत्तर:
स्वयं के मूल्य का आकलन आत्म-सम्मान कहलाता है।
5. सामाजिक आलस्य (Social Loafing) क्या है?
उत्तर:
समूह में कार्य करते समय व्यक्तिगत प्रयास का कम हो जाना सामाजिक आलस्य कहलाता है।
6. पूर्वाग्रह (Prejudice) क्या है?
उत्तर:
किसी समूह के प्रति नकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण पूर्वाग्रह कहलाता है।
7. PTSD क्या है?
उत्तर:
आघात के बाद उत्पन्न मानसिक विकार को PTSD कहते हैं। इसके लक्षण फ्लैशबैक और डर हैं।
8. बर्नआउट क्या है?
उत्तर:
दीर्घकालिक तनाव के कारण उत्पन्न भावनात्मक थकावट बर्नआउट है।
9. चार D क्या हैं?
उत्तर:
विचलन, पीड़ा, कार्य-अक्षमता और खतरा।
10. अनुपालन (Compliance) क्या है?
उत्तर:
किसी के अनुरोध को मान लेना अनुपालन कहलाता है।
🔥 भाग – B (3 अंक के महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न)
11. बिग फाइव व्यक्तित्व गुणों की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
ओपननेस, कंसाइंटियसनेस, एक्स्ट्रावर्शन, एग्रीएब्लनेस और न्यूरोटिसिज्म बिग फाइव गुण हैं।
12. फ्रायड के व्यक्तित्व संरचना सिद्धांत की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
इड (सुख सिद्धांत), ईगो (वास्तविकता सिद्धांत), सुपरेगो (नैतिक मूल्य) – ये तीन भाग व्यक्तित्व बनाते हैं।
13. रक्षा युक्तियों (Defence Mechanisms) की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
दमन, प्रक्षेपण और इनकार तनाव कम करने के तरीके हैं।
14. सामान्य अनुकूलन सिंड्रोम (GAS) की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
हंस सैली के अनुसार तनाव के तीन चरण हैं – चेतावनी, प्रतिरोध, थकावट।
15. तनाव के स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव लिखिए।
उत्तर:
उच्च रक्तचाप, कमजोरी, चिंता, नींद की समस्या।
16. तनाव प्रबंधन की तकनीकें लिखिए।
उत्तर:
ध्यान, योग, व्यायाम, समय प्रबंधन।
17. चिंता विकार (Anxiety Disorders) समझाइए।
उत्तर:
फोबिया, पैनिक डिसऑर्डर, OCD चिंता विकार के उदाहरण हैं।
18. द्विध्रुवीय विकार (Bipolar Disorder) समझाइए।
उत्तर:
इसमें उन्माद और अवसाद दोनों अवस्थाएँ होती हैं।
19. संज्ञानात्मक व्यवहार चिकित्सा (CBT) समझाइए।
उत्तर:
यह नकारात्मक विचारों और व्यवहार को बदलने की चिकित्सा है।
20. क्लाइंट-केंद्रित चिकित्सा समझाइए।
उत्तर:
कार्ल रोजर्स द्वारा विकसित, सहानुभूति और बिना शर्त सकारात्मक सम्मान पर आधारित।
21. मनोचिकित्सा में नैतिक सिद्धांत लिखिए।
उत्तर:
गोपनीयता, सूचित सहमति, पेशेवर दक्षता।
22. व्यवस्थित असंवेदनशीलता (Systematic Desensitization) समझाइए।
उत्तर:
फोबिया के उपचार में धीरे-धीरे डर का सामना कराया जाता है।
23. दृष्टिकोण के घटक लिखिए।
उत्तर:
संज्ञानात्मक, भावनात्मक और व्यवहारिक घटक।
24. सामाजिक आलस्य को कैसे कम करें?
उत्तर:
व्यक्तिगत उत्तरदायित्व बढ़ाकर, समूह छोटा रखकर।
25. टकमन के समूह विकास के चरण लिखिए।
उत्तर:
फॉर्मिंग, स्टॉर्मिंग, नॉर्मिंग, परफॉर्मिंग।
🔥 भाग – C (5 अंक के अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न)
26. त्रिस्तरीय बुद्धि सिद्धांत की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विश्लेषणात्मक, रचनात्मक और व्यावहारिक बुद्धि तीन प्रकार हैं।
27. गार्डनर के बहु-बुद्धि सिद्धांत की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
भाषाई, तार्किक, संगीत, शारीरिक आदि 8 प्रकार की बुद्धियाँ होती हैं।
28. रचनात्मकता और बुद्धि का संबंध समझाइए।
उत्तर:
बुद्धि समस्या हल करती है, रचनात्मकता नए विचार देती है। दोनों संबंधित पर अलग हैं।
29. मनोवैज्ञानिक विकारों का वर्गीकरण कीजिए।
उत्तर:
चिंता विकार, मूड विकार, सिजोफ्रेनिया, व्यक्तित्व विकार आदि।
30. मनोचिकित्सा की विभिन्न विधियों की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मनोविश्लेषण, व्यवहार चिकित्सा, संज्ञानात्मक चिकित्सा, मानवतावादी चिकित्सा।
31. संज्ञानात्मक विसंगति सिद्धांत समझाइए।
उत्तर:
विश्वास और व्यवहार में असंगति से मानसिक असुविधा होती है।
32. अनुरूपता, अनुपालन और आज्ञापालन में अंतर लिखिए।
उत्तर:
अनुरूपता – समूह के अनुसार ढलना
अनुपालन – अनुरोध मानना
आज्ञापालन – आदेश मानना
33. तनाव और उसके प्रकारों की व्याख्या कीजिए।
उत्तर:
यू-स्ट्रेस और डिस्ट्रेस दो प्रकार हैं।
34. व्यक्तित्व मापन की विधियाँ लिखिए।
उत्तर:
प्रश्नावली, प्रोजेक्टिव तकनीक, साक्षात्कार।
35. चिंता विकारों के कारण और उपचार लिखिए।
उत्तर:
कारण – तनाव, आनुवंशिकता
उपचार – CBT, दवा, परामर्श।
1️⃣ भावनात्मक बुद्धि की व्याख्या कीजिए। (3 अंक)
भावनात्मक बुद्धि (Emotional Intelligence) वह क्षमता है जिसके द्वारा व्यक्ति अपनी तथा दूसरों की भावनाओं को पहचानता, समझता और नियंत्रित करता है।
इसके प्रमुख घटक हैं:
-
आत्म-जागरूकता
-
आत्म-नियंत्रण
-
प्रेरणा
-
सहानुभूति
-
सामाजिक कौशल
यह संबंधों और निर्णय क्षमता को बेहतर बनाती है।
2️⃣ आत्म-अवधारणा और आत्म-प्रभावकारिता में अंतर। (2–3 अंक)
| आत्म-अवधारणा | आत्म-प्रभावकारिता |
|---|---|
| स्वयं के बारे में धारणा | अपनी क्षमता में विश्वास |
| “मैं कौन हूँ?” | “मैं यह कर सकता हूँ” |
| व्यापक अवधारणा | विशेष कार्य से जुड़ी |
3️⃣ प्राथमिक और द्वितीयक समूह में अंतर। (2–3 अंक)
| प्राथमिक समूह | द्वितीयक समूह |
|---|---|
| घनिष्ठ और व्यक्तिगत संबंध | औपचारिक और बड़े समूह |
| भावनात्मक जुड़ाव | लक्ष्य आधारित संबंध |
| उदाहरण – परिवार | उदाहरण – विद्यालय, कार्यालय |
4️⃣ पूर्वाग्रह कम करने के उपाय। (3 अंक)
-
शिक्षा और जागरूकता
-
विभिन्न समूहों के बीच संपर्क बढ़ाना
-
सहयोगात्मक गतिविधियाँ
-
समान लक्ष्य (Superordinate Goals)
-
सामाजिक संवेदनशीलता का विकास
5️⃣ सहयोग और प्रतिस्पर्धा में अंतर। (2–3 अंक)
| सहयोग | प्रतिस्पर्धा |
|---|---|
| मिलकर कार्य करना | दूसरों से आगे बढ़ने का प्रयास |
| साझा लक्ष्य | व्यक्तिगत लक्ष्य |
| सद्भाव बढ़ाता है | संघर्ष बढ़ा सकता है |
6️⃣ समूह ध्रुवीकरण क्या है? (2–3 अंक)
समूह चर्चा के बाद समूह के निर्णय पहले से अधिक चरम (Extreme) हो जाते हैं, इसे समूह ध्रुवीकरण कहते हैं।
यह समान विचारों के सुदृढ़ होने के कारण होता है।
7️⃣ सामाजिक दूरी क्या है? (2 अंक)
विभिन्न सामाजिक समूहों के बीच भावनात्मक या सामाजिक दूरी को सामाजिक दूरी कहते हैं।
यह पूर्वाग्रह और भेदभाव से जुड़ी होती है।
8️⃣ मतिभ्रम के प्रकार। (3 अंक)
-
श्रवण मतिभ्रम (आवाज़ सुनना)
-
दृश्य मतिभ्रम (चीजें देखना)
-
स्पर्श मतिभ्रम
-
घ्राण मतिभ्रम
मतिभ्रम बिना वास्तविक उत्तेजना के अनुभव होता है।
9️⃣ अवसाद के लक्षण। (3 अंक)
-
लगातार उदासी
-
रुचि में कमी
-
थकान
-
नींद की समस्या
-
निराशा की भावना
🔟 OCD के लक्षण। (3 अंक)
-
बार-बार आने वाले विचार (Obsessions)
-
दोहराए जाने वाले कार्य (Compulsions)
-
अत्यधिक सफाई या जाँच
-
चिंता और बेचैनी
1️⃣1️⃣ फोबिया के प्रकार। (3 अंक)
-
विशिष्ट फोबिया (जैसे – जानवर, ऊँचाई)
-
सामाजिक फोबिया
-
एगोराफोबिया
यह अतार्किक और अत्यधिक भय है।
1️⃣2️⃣ PTSD के लक्षण। (3 अंक)
-
फ्लैशबैक
-
बुरे सपने
-
चिड़चिड़ापन
-
घटना से बचाव
-
अत्यधिक सतर्कता
1️⃣3️⃣ संतुलन सिद्धांत। (3 अंक)
फ्रिट्ज़ हाइडर द्वारा प्रस्तावित।
व्यक्ति अपने संबंधों और विचारों में संतुलन बनाए रखना चाहता है।
असंतुलन मानसिक तनाव उत्पन्न करता है।
1️⃣4️⃣ बिग फाइव मॉडल का महत्व। (3 अंक)
-
व्यक्तित्व को पाँच आयामों में वर्गीकृत करता है।
-
व्यवहार की भविष्यवाणी में सहायक।
-
शोध और व्यक्तित्व परीक्षण में उपयोगी।
-
OCEAN मॉडल के रूप में प्रसिद्ध।
1️⃣ भावनात्मक बुद्धि की व्याख्या कीजिए। (5 अंक)
भावनात्मक बुद्धि (Emotional Intelligence) वह क्षमता है जिसके द्वारा व्यक्ति अपनी तथा दूसरों की भावनाओं को पहचानता, समझता, नियंत्रित करता और उचित रूप से व्यक्त करता है।
मायर और सालोवे के अनुसार यह भावनाओं के सही उपयोग की क्षमता है।
इसके प्रमुख घटक हैं:
-
आत्म-जागरूकता – अपनी भावनाओं को पहचानना।
-
आत्म-नियंत्रण – भावनाओं को संतुलित रखना।
-
प्रेरणा – लक्ष्य प्राप्ति हेतु स्वयं को प्रेरित करना।
-
सहानुभूति – दूसरों की भावनाओं को समझना।
-
सामाजिक कौशल – अच्छे संबंध बनाना और विवाद सुलझाना।
महत्व:
-
बेहतर संबंध
-
तनाव में कमी
-
नेतृत्व क्षमता में वृद्धि
2️⃣ आत्म-अवधारणा और आत्म-प्रभावकारिता में अंतर। (5 अंक)
आत्म-अवधारणा (Self-concept) व्यक्ति की स्वयं के बारे में समग्र धारणा है – “मैं कौन हूँ?”
आत्म-प्रभावकारिता (Self-efficacy) किसी विशेष कार्य को करने की अपनी क्षमता में विश्वास है – “मैं यह कर सकता हूँ।”
अंतर:
| आत्म-अवधारणा | आत्म-प्रभावकारिता |
|---|---|
| व्यापक अवधारणा | विशिष्ट कार्य से संबंधित |
| पहचान से जुड़ी | क्षमता से जुड़ी |
| व्यक्तित्व का भाग | प्रदर्शन से जुड़ा |
आत्म-प्रभावकारिता उच्च होने पर व्यक्ति कठिन कार्य भी कर सकता है।
3️⃣ प्राथमिक और द्वितीयक समूह में अंतर। (5 अंक)
प्राथमिक समूह छोटे और घनिष्ठ होते हैं।
द्वितीयक समूह बड़े और औपचारिक होते हैं।
अंतर:
| प्राथमिक समूह | द्वितीयक समूह |
|---|---|
| भावनात्मक संबंध | औपचारिक संबंध |
| छोटा आकार | बड़ा आकार |
| दीर्घकालिक संबंध | लक्ष्य आधारित संबंध |
| उदाहरण – परिवार | उदाहरण – विद्यालय |
प्राथमिक समूह व्यक्तित्व विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।
4️⃣ पूर्वाग्रह कम करने के उपाय। (5 अंक)
पूर्वाग्रह नकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण है। इसे कम करने के उपाय:
-
शिक्षा और जागरूकता
-
विभिन्न समूहों के बीच संपर्क बढ़ाना
-
सहयोगात्मक गतिविधियाँ
-
समान लक्ष्य निर्धारित करना
-
मीडिया और समाज में सकारात्मक प्रस्तुति
इन उपायों से सामाजिक सद्भाव बढ़ता है।
5️⃣ सहयोग और प्रतिस्पर्धा में अंतर। (5 अंक)
| सहयोग | प्रतिस्पर्धा |
|---|---|
| मिलकर कार्य | दूसरों से आगे बढ़ना |
| साझा लक्ष्य | व्यक्तिगत लक्ष्य |
| सद्भाव | संघर्ष की संभावना |
| सकारात्मक संबंध | तनाव बढ़ सकता है |
सहयोग सामाजिक एकता को बढ़ाता है जबकि प्रतिस्पर्धा व्यक्तिगत उपलब्धि को प्रोत्साहित करती है।
6️⃣ समूह ध्रुवीकरण क्या है? (5 अंक)
समूह चर्चा के बाद निर्णय पहले से अधिक चरम हो जाए तो इसे समूह ध्रुवीकरण कहते हैं।
कारण:
-
समान विचारों का सुदृढ़ होना
-
समूह का समर्थन
-
सामाजिक तुलना
यह समूह निर्णय को अधिक कठोर बना सकता है।
7️⃣ सामाजिक दूरी क्या है? (5 अंक)
सामाजिक दूरी विभिन्न सामाजिक समूहों के बीच भावनात्मक या मनोवैज्ञानिक दूरी है।
यह पूर्वाग्रह और भेदभाव से जुड़ी होती है।
उदाहरण:
किसी समूह के साथ घनिष्ठ संबंध न रखना।
सामाजिक दूरी कम करने से सामाजिक समरसता बढ़ती है।
8️⃣ मतिभ्रम के प्रकार। (5 अंक)
मतिभ्रम बिना वास्तविक उत्तेजना के अनुभव है।
प्रकार:
-
श्रवण मतिभ्रम
-
दृश्य मतिभ्रम
-
स्पर्श मतिभ्रम
-
घ्राण मतिभ्रम
-
स्वाद संबंधी मतिभ्रम
यह सिजोफ्रेनिया में सामान्य है।
9️⃣ अवसाद के लक्षण। (5 अंक)
-
लगातार उदासी
-
रुचि में कमी
-
थकान
-
आत्मग्लानि
-
नींद की समस्या
-
भूख में बदलाव
अवसाद मूड विकार है और उपचार योग्य है।
🔟 OCD के लक्षण। (5 अंक)
-
जुनूनी विचार
-
बाध्यकारी क्रियाएँ
-
बार-बार जाँच
-
सफाई की अत्यधिक आदत
-
चिंता
CBT प्रभावी उपचार है।
1️⃣1️⃣ फोबिया के प्रकार। (5 अंक)
-
विशिष्ट फोबिया
-
सामाजिक फोबिया
-
एगोराफोबिया
लक्षण:
-
अत्यधिक भय
-
बचाव व्यवहार
-
पसीना
उपचार – व्यवस्थित असंवेदनशीलता।
1️⃣2️⃣ PTSD के लक्षण। (5 अंक)
-
फ्लैशबैक
-
बुरे सपने
-
चिड़चिड़ापन
-
नींद की समस्या
-
घटना से बचाव
यह आघात के बाद विकसित होता है।
1️⃣3️⃣ संतुलन सिद्धांत। (5 अंक)
फ्रिट्ज़ हाइडर द्वारा प्रस्तावित।
व्यक्ति अपने संबंधों और विचारों में संतुलन चाहता है।
यदि असंतुलन होता है तो मानसिक तनाव उत्पन्न होता है।
उदाहरण:
यदि व्यक्ति A, व्यक्ति B को पसंद करता है और B किसी वस्तु को नापसंद करता है जिसे A पसंद करता है, तो असंतुलन उत्पन्न होता है।
1️⃣4️⃣ बिग फाइव मॉडल का महत्व। (5 अंक)
बिग फाइव व्यक्तित्व मॉडल में पाँच गुण हैं:
ओपननेस, कंसाइंटियसनेस, एक्स्ट्रावर्शन, एग्रीएब्लनेस, न्यूरोटिसिज्म।
महत्व:
-
व्यक्तित्व वर्गीकरण
-
व्यवहार की भविष्यवाणी
-
शोध में उपयोग
-
चयन प्रक्रिया में सहायक
1️⃣5️⃣ तनाव और प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र का संबंध। (5 अंक)
दीर्घकालिक तनाव कॉर्टिसोल हार्मोन बढ़ाता है।
कॉर्टिसोल प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र को कमजोर करता है।
परिणाम:
-
संक्रमण का खतरा
-
रोग प्रतिरोधक क्षमता में कमी
-
स्वास्थ्य समस्याएँ
इसलिए तनाव प्रबंधन आवश्यक है।
1️⃣5️⃣ तनाव और प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र का संबंध। (3 अंक)
दीर्घकालिक तनाव शरीर में कॉर्टिसोल हार्मोन बढ़ाता है, जिससे प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र कमजोर हो जाता है।
इससे व्यक्ति जल्दी बीमार पड़ सकता है।
अत्यधिक तनाव संक्रमण की संभावना बढ़ाता है।
HBSE Class 12 Psychology – 50 Case-Based MCQs (Exam Level)
🧠 CASE-BASED MCQs (1–50)
केस 1
राहुल परीक्षा से पहले घबराहट, तेज धड़कन और पसीना महसूस करता है। कुछ सप्ताह बाद वह थकान और चिड़चिड़ापन महसूस करने लगता है।
-
यह किस सिद्धांत को दर्शाता है?
A) बिग फाइव
B) GAS
C) CBT
D) OCD -
थकावट किस चरण में होती है?
A) चेतावनी
B) प्रतिरोध
C) थकावट
D) प्रारंभिक
केस 2
नेहा असफलता के बाद कहती है कि शिक्षक पक्षपाती हैं।
-
यह कौन-सी रक्षा युक्ति है?
A) दमन
B) प्रक्षेपण
C) विस्थापन
D) युक्तिकरण
केस 3
रीना बार-बार दरवाजा जांचती है।
-
यह किस विकार का लक्षण है?
A) अवसाद
B) OCD
C) फोबिया
D) PTSD
केस 4
मोहन जानता है कि धूम्रपान हानिकारक है, फिर भी करता है।
-
यह किस सिद्धांत से संबंधित है?
A) संतुलन सिद्धांत
B) संज्ञानात्मक विसंगति
C) बिग फाइव
D) अनुपालन
केस 5
एक छात्र समूह के दबाव में वैसा ही कपड़ा पहनता है।
-
यह किसका उदाहरण है?
A) अनुरूपता
B) आज्ञापालन
C) अनुपालन
D) प्रतिस्पर्धा
केस 6
एक व्यक्ति अत्यधिक ऊर्जा और फिर गहरी उदासी में चला जाता है।
-
यह कौन-सा विकार है?
A) अवसाद
B) फोबिया
C) द्विध्रुवीय विकार
D) OCD
केस 7
एक छात्र मित्रों की भावनाओं को समझता है और विवाद सुलझाता है।
-
यह किस क्षमता को दर्शाता है?
A) IQ
B) भावनात्मक बुद्धि
C) न्यूरोटिसिज्म
D) चिंता
केस 8
समूह कार्य में कुछ सदस्य काम नहीं करते।
-
यह क्या है?
A) समूह ध्रुवीकरण
B) सामाजिक आलस्य
C) प्रतिस्पर्धा
D) अनुरूपता
केस 9
एक व्यक्ति ऊँचाई से अत्यधिक डरता है।
-
यह क्या है?
A) OCD
B) फोबिया
C) अवसाद
D) PTSD
केस 10
दुर्घटना के बाद व्यक्ति को बार-बार घटना याद आती है।
-
यह कौन-सा विकार है?
A) अवसाद
B) OCD
C) PTSD
D) फोबिया
केस 11
एक व्यक्ति अपने मित्र को पसंद करता है, लेकिन उसकी पसंद की टीम से नफरत करता है और असहज महसूस करता है।
-
यह किस सिद्धांत से संबंधित है?
A) संज्ञानात्मक विसंगति
B) संतुलन सिद्धांत
C) बिग फाइव
D) अनुरूपता
केस 12
एक छात्र जिम्मेदार और अनुशासित है।
-
यह बिग फाइव के किस गुण को दर्शाता है?
A) ओपननेस
B) कंसाइंटियसनेस
C) एक्स्ट्रावर्शन
D) न्यूरोटिसिज्म
केस 13
व्यक्ति ध्यान और योग द्वारा तनाव कम करता है।
-
यह किसका उदाहरण है?
A) समस्या-केन्द्रित मुकाबला
B) भावना-केन्द्रित मुकाबला
C) रक्षा युक्ति
D) OCD
केस 14
एक व्यक्ति झूठी आवाजें सुनता है।
-
यह क्या है?
A) भ्रम
B) मतिभ्रम
C) अवसाद
D) चिंता
केस 15
एक व्यक्ति मानता है कि एक विशेष समुदाय के लोग बुरे होते हैं।
-
यह क्या है?
A) भेदभाव
B) पूर्वाग्रह
C) सामाजिक दूरी
D) प्रतिस्पर्धा
(इसी पैटर्न में 50 तक जारी…)
17. OCD में दोहराए जाने वाले कार्य को क्या कहते हैं?
A) भ्रम
B) जुनून
C) बाध्यता
D) चिंता
-
GAS किसने दिया?
A) फ्रायड
B) सैली
C) स्टर्न
D) गार्डनर -
बिग फाइव में भावनात्मक अस्थिरता किसे कहते हैं?
A) ओपननेस
B) एग्रीएब्लनेस
C) न्यूरोटिसिज्म
D) एक्स्ट्रावर्शन -
अनुपालन में क्या होता है?
A) आदेश मानना
B) अनुरोध मानना
C) समूह दबाव
D) असहमति -
समूह चर्चा के बाद निर्णय अधिक चरम हो जाए तो यह क्या है?
A) अनुरूपता
B) समूह ध्रुवीकरण
C) सामाजिक आलस्य
D) प्रतिस्पर्धा -
अवसाद का प्रमुख लक्षण क्या है?
A) अत्यधिक खुशी
B) लगातार उदासी
C) ऊर्जा वृद्धि
D) भ्रम -
फोबिया का उपचार क्या है?
A) CBT
B) व्यवस्थित असंवेदनशीलता
C) दमन
D) संतुलन -
संज्ञानात्मक घटक किससे संबंधित है?
A) भावना
B) विश्वास
C) क्रिया
D) तनाव -
प्राथमिक समूह का उदाहरण क्या है?
A) विद्यालय
B) परिवार
C) कार्यालय
D) संगठन
(26–50 जारी…)
-
सामाजिक दूरी किससे संबंधित है?
A) भावनात्मक दूरी
B) शारीरिक दूरी
C) IQ
D) तनाव -
बिग फाइव मॉडल का पूरा नाम?
A) OCEAN
B) ABCDE
C) IQEQ
D) GAS -
CBT का उद्देश्य क्या है?
A) नकारात्मक विचार बदलना
B) स्मृति बढ़ाना
C) IQ मापना
D) भावनाएँ दबाना -
उन्माद किस विकार से जुड़ा है?
A) OCD
B) अवसाद
C) द्विध्रुवीय विकार
D) PTSD -
समस्या-केन्द्रित मुकाबला किसे बदलता है?
A) भावना
B) तनाव का कारण
C) विचार
D) स्मृति -
दमन किस रक्षा युक्ति का उदाहरण है?
A) विचार दबाना
B) दोष देना
C) अस्वीकार
D) स्थानांतरण -
OCD में जुनून क्या है?
A) दोहराया गया कार्य
B) बार-बार विचार
C) भ्रम
D) अवसाद -
सहयोग क्या बढ़ाता है?
A) संघर्ष
B) सद्भाव
C) दूरी
D) प्रतिस्पर्धा -
सामाजिक आलस्य कब कम होता है?
A) समूह बड़ा हो
B) जिम्मेदारी तय हो
C) कोई नियंत्रण न हो
D) प्रेरणा कम हो -
भावनात्मक बुद्धि का घटक नहीं है?
A) सहानुभूति
B) आत्म-जागरूकता
C) स्मृति
D) आत्म-नियंत्रण -
अवसाद किस प्रकार का विकार है?
A) चिंता
B) मूड
C) व्यक्तित्व
D) सिजोफ्रेनिया -
संतुलन सिद्धांत किसने दिया?
A) हाइडर
B) फेस्टिंगर
C) फ्रायड
D) स्टर्न -
समूह विकास का पहला चरण?
A) स्टॉर्मिंग
B) नॉर्मिंग
C) फॉर्मिंग
D) परफॉर्मिंग -
भ्रम क्या है?
A) झूठा विश्वास
B) झूठी धारणा
C) तनाव
D) चिंता -
PTSD में क्या होता है?
A) अत्यधिक खुशी
B) फ्लैशबैक
C) स्मृति हानि
D) भ्रम
41–50 (Mixed Final Level Questions)
-
बिग फाइव में मिलनसारिता किसे कहते हैं?
A) एक्स्ट्रावर्शन
B) न्यूरोटिसिज्म
C) ओपननेस
D) एग्रीएब्लनेस -
आज्ञापालन किससे जुड़ा है?
A) अनुरोध
B) प्राधिकरण
C) समूह
D) प्रतियोगिता -
तनाव से कौन-सा तंत्र प्रभावित होता है?
A) पाचन
B) प्रतिरक्षा
C) स्मृति
D) दृष्टि -
प्राथमिक समूह की विशेषता?
A) औपचारिक
B) भावनात्मक
C) बड़ा
D) अस्थायी -
CBT किस प्रकार की चिकित्सा है?
A) व्यवहार
B) संज्ञानात्मक
C) मिश्रित
D) मानवतावादी -
सामाजिक पूर्वाग्रह कम करने का तरीका?
A) अलगाव
B) संपर्क बढ़ाना
C) दूरी
D) प्रतियोगिता -
तनाव का सकारात्मक रूप?
A) डिस्ट्रेस
B) यू-स्ट्रेस
C) बर्नआउट
D) PTSD -
OCD में बाध्यता क्या है?
A) विचार
B) कार्य
C) भ्रम
D) भय -
समूह ध्रुवीकरण कब होता है?
A) अकेले निर्णय
B) समूह चर्चा
C) प्रतियोगिता
D) आदेश -
मानसिक विकारों का वर्गीकरण किसमें होता है?
A) IQ
B) DSM
C) OCEAN
D) GAS
| Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | B | 13 | B | 25 | B | 37 | A |
| 2 | C | 14 | B | 26 | A | 38 | C |
| 3 | B | 15 | B | 27 | A | 39 | A |
| 4 | B | 16 | B | 28 | A | 40 | B |
| 5 | B | 17 | C | 29 | C | 41 | A |
| 6 | A | 18 | B | 30 | B | 42 | B |
| 7 | C | 19 | C | 31 | A | 43 | B |
| 8 | B | 20 | B | 32 | B | 44 | B |
| 9 | B | 21 | B | 33 | B | 45 | C |
| 10 | C | 22 | B | 34 | B | 46 | B |
| 11 | B | 23 | B | 35 | C | 47 | B |
| 12 | B | 24 | B | 36 | B | 48 | B |
| 49 | B | 50 | B |
🧠 केस स्टडी 1 – सामान्य अनुकूलन सिंड्रोम (GAS)
📘 केस:
आदित्य बोर्ड परीक्षा की तैयारी कर रहा है। शुरुआत में वह उत्साहित था, लेकिन जैसे-जैसे परीक्षा नजदीक आई, उसकी धड़कन तेज हो गई, नींद कम हो गई। कुछ सप्ताह बाद वह थका हुआ और चिड़चिड़ा रहने लगा। अंततः वह मानसिक और शारीरिक रूप से बेहद कमजोर महसूस करने लगा।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
यह केस सामान्य अनुकूलन सिंड्रोम (GAS) को दर्शाता है।
हंस सैली के अनुसार तनाव के तीन चरण होते हैं:
-
चेतावनी चरण (Alarm Stage) – शरीर तनाव के लिए तैयार होता है (तेज धड़कन)।
-
प्रतिरोध चरण (Resistance Stage) – शरीर तनाव से लड़ने का प्रयास करता है।
-
थकावट चरण (Exhaustion Stage) – ऊर्जा समाप्त हो जाती है और कमजोरी आती है।
🧩 केस स्टडी 2 – रक्षा युक्तियाँ
📘 केस:
परीक्षा में कम अंक आने पर सीमा कहती है कि शिक्षक पक्षपाती हैं। वह अपनी तैयारी की कमी स्वीकार नहीं करती।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
यह केस प्रक्षेपण (Projection) और इनकार (Denial) रक्षा युक्तियों को दर्शाता है।
-
प्रक्षेपण – अपनी गलती दूसरों पर डालना।
-
इनकार – वास्तविकता को स्वीकार न करना।
रक्षा युक्तियाँ चिंता कम करने के लिए उपयोग की जाती हैं।
😰 केस स्टडी 3 – चिंता विकार (Phobia)
📘 केस:
रवि ऊँचाई से अत्यधिक डरता है। वह पुल या छत पर जाने से बचता है।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
यह विशिष्ट फोबिया है।
फोबिया एक अतार्किक और अत्यधिक भय है।
लक्षण:
-
पसीना
-
धड़कन तेज
-
बचाव व्यवहार
उपचार: व्यवस्थित असंवेदनशीलता।
🧠 केस स्टडी 4 – OCD
📘 केस:
रीना बार-बार हाथ धोती है और सफाई करती रहती है।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
यह Obsessive Compulsive Disorder है।
-
Obsession – बार-बार आने वाले विचार।
-
Compulsion – दोहराए जाने वाले कार्य।
उपचार – CBT और व्यवहार चिकित्सा।
🧠 केस स्टडी 5 – द्विध्रुवीय विकार
📘 केस:
कबीर कुछ दिनों तक अत्यधिक उत्साहित रहता है, फिर गहरी उदासी में चला जाता है।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
यह द्विध्रुवीय विकार है।
दो चरण:
-
उन्माद (Mania)
-
अवसाद (Depression)
उपचार: दवा + CBT।
👥 केस स्टडी 6 – सामाजिक आलस्य
📘 केस:
समूह कार्य में कुछ छात्र मेहनत नहीं करते।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
यह सामाजिक आलस्य है।
कारण:
-
जिम्मेदारी का प्रसार
-
प्रेरणा की कमी
समाधान:
-
व्यक्तिगत उत्तरदायित्व
-
छोटा समूह
🧠 केस स्टडी 7 – संज्ञानात्मक विसंगति
📘 केस:
मोहन जानता है कि धूम्रपान हानिकारक है, फिर भी करता है।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
यह संज्ञानात्मक विसंगति सिद्धांत है।
जब विश्वास और व्यवहार में असंगति होती है तो मानसिक तनाव होता है।
तनाव कम करने के लिए व्यक्ति विश्वास बदल सकता है।
🧠 केस स्टडी 8 – बिग फाइव मॉडल
📘 केस:
अमित जिम्मेदार, मिलनसार और भावनात्मक रूप से स्थिर है।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
यह बिग फाइव व्यक्तित्व मॉडल से संबंधित है।
पाँच गुण:
-
ओपननेस
-
कंसाइंटियसनेस
-
एक्स्ट्रावर्शन
-
एग्रीएब्लनेस
-
न्यूरोटिसिज्म
🧠 केस स्टडी 9 – टकमन का समूह विकास सिद्धांत
📘 केस:
एक नया समूह पहले परिचय करता है, फिर विवाद होते हैं, बाद में एकता आती है और अंत में लक्ष्य पूरा करता है।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
टकमन के चार चरण:
-
फॉर्मिंग
-
स्टॉर्मिंग
-
नॉर्मिंग
-
परफॉर्मिंग
🧠 केस स्टडी 10 – PTSD
📘 केस:
दुर्घटना के बाद नीलम को बार-बार वही दृश्य याद आता है और डर लगता है।
✅ उत्तर (5 अंक):
यह PTSD है।
लक्षण:
-
फ्लैशबैक
-
डर
-
नींद की समस्या
-
घटना से बचाव
उपचार – मनोचिकित्सा, CBT।
🧠 UNIT 1: VARIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES
-
Intelligence is the ability to learn, reason and adapt.
-
Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test.
-
IQ = Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age × 100.
-
William Stern introduced the Intelligence Quotient formula.
-
Thurstone proposed Primary Mental Abilities.
-
Gardner proposed Multiple Intelligence Theory.
-
Sternberg proposed Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
-
Analytical intelligence deals with problem-solving.
-
Creative intelligence deals with novel situations.
-
Practical intelligence deals with real-life skills.
-
Emotional Intelligence includes self-awareness and empathy.
-
Aptitude is potential ability.
-
Interest is preference for an activity.
-
Creativity involves originality and flexibility.
-
Divergent thinking is important for creativity.
👤 UNIT 2: SELF AND PERSONALITY
-
Self-concept is perception about oneself.
-
Self-esteem is evaluation of self-worth.
-
Self-efficacy is belief in one’s ability.
-
Personal identity makes a person unique.
-
Social identity comes from group membership.
-
Freud proposed Id, Ego and Superego.
-
Id works on pleasure principle.
-
Ego works on reality principle.
-
Superego represents moral values.
-
Defence mechanisms reduce anxiety.
-
Repression means pushing thoughts into unconscious.
-
Projection means attributing own faults to others.
-
Denial means refusing reality.
-
Allport classified traits into Cardinal, Central, Secondary.
-
Cattell developed 16 PF personality test.
-
Big Five traits are OCEAN.
-
Neuroticism relates to emotional instability.
-
Type A personality is competitive and impatient.
-
Type B personality is relaxed and calm.
😰 UNIT 3: MEETING LIFE CHALLENGES
-
Stress is response to demands.
-
Stressor is cause of stress.
-
Hans Selye proposed General Adaptation Syndrome.
-
GAS includes Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion stages.
-
Eustress is positive stress.
-
Distress is negative stress.
-
Chronic stress affects immune system.
-
Burnout is emotional exhaustion.
-
Coping reduces stress impact.
-
Problem-focused coping changes the stressor.
-
Emotion-focused coping controls feelings.
-
Meditation reduces stress.
-
Yoga improves mental health.
-
Time management reduces academic stress.
-
Social support lowers stress.
-
Optimism improves well-being.
🧩 UNIT 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
-
Abnormality is defined by Four D’s.
-
Four D’s are Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger.
-
DSM-5 is Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
-
ICD is International Classification of Diseases.
-
Anxiety disorders include phobia and OCD.
-
Phobia is irrational fear.
-
Panic disorder involves sudden attacks.
-
OCD involves obsessions and compulsions.
-
Depression is mood disorder.
-
Bipolar disorder includes mania and depression.
-
Hallucination is false perception.
-
Delusion is false belief.
-
Schizophrenia involves disturbed thinking.
-
PTSD occurs after trauma.
-
Autism Spectrum Disorder affects communication.
-
Alcohol Use Disorder is substance disorder.
🛋 UNIT 5: THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
-
Psychotherapy treats psychological disorders.
-
Psychodynamic therapy focuses on unconscious conflicts.
-
Free association is used in psychoanalysis.
-
Behaviour therapy is based on learning principles.
-
Systematic desensitization treats phobia.
-
Cognitive therapy changes faulty thinking.
-
CBT combines cognitive and behavioural techniques.
-
Rational Emotive Therapy was given by Albert Ellis.
-
Client-Centred Therapy was developed by Carl Rogers.
-
Empathy is key counselling skill.
-
Confidentiality is ethical principle.
-
Informed consent is mandatory.
-
Therapeutic alliance improves treatment outcome.
-
Biofeedback is alternative therapy.
👥 UNIT 6: ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL COGNITION
-
Attitude has three components.
-
Components are Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural.
-
Prejudice is negative attitude.
-
Discrimination is negative behaviour.
-
Cognitive dissonance was proposed by Festinger.
-
Balance theory was proposed by Heider.
-
Conformity is indirect social influence.
-
Compliance is agreeing to request.
-
Obedience involves authority.
-
Two-step flow theory explains attitude change.
👨👩👧👦 UNIT 7: SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND GROUP PROCESSES
-
Group is collection of people with common goal.
-
Primary groups are close and personal.
-
Formal groups are structured.
-
In-group means “we group”.
-
Out-group means “they group”.
-
Social loafing means reduced effort in group.
-
Diffusion of responsibility occurs in crowd.
-
Tuckman proposed four stages of group development.
-
Pro-social behaviour benefits others.
-
Cooperation reduces intergroup conflict.
✅ STARTING WITH: HBSE CLASS 12 PSYCHOLOGY 2021
🔹 PART – I (Subjective Paper)
(From )
✅ PART – A (Very Short Answer Type)
Q1. Explain any two ethical principles involved in Psychotherapy.
-
Confidentiality – Information shared by the client must remain private and cannot be disclosed without consent.
-
Informed Consent – The client must be informed about the nature, goals, and process of therapy before it begins.
Q2. Name the factors that influence the well-being of a person.
-
Positive emotions
-
Good social relationships
-
Meaning and purpose in life
-
Physical health
-
Achievement and engagement
Q3. What are the Big Five factors of personality?
The Big Five personality traits are:
-
Openness
-
Conscientiousness
-
Extraversion
-
Agreeableness
-
Neuroticism
Q4. Differentiate between Type A and Type B Personality.
| Type A Personality | Type B Personality |
|---|---|
| Competitive and impatient | Relaxed and patient |
| High stress level | Low stress level |
| Time-conscious | Easy-going |
| Aggressive | Calm |
✅ PART – B (Short Answer Type)
Q5. Define Compliance. Describe its different techniques.
Compliance refers to agreeing to a request made by another person.
Techniques of Compliance:
-
Foot-in-the-door Technique – Small request followed by bigger request.
-
Door-in-the-face Technique – Large request first (rejected), then smaller request.
-
Low-ball Technique – Attractive offer first, then hidden cost added.
-
Deadline Technique – Limited time pressure to act.
✅ PART – B (Short Answer Type – 3 Marks Each)
Q6. Define Stress. Explain its types.
Stress is the psychological and physical response of the body to demands or challenges (stressors).
Types of Stress:
-
Eustress – Positive stress that motivates and improves performance.
-
Distress – Negative stress that causes anxiety and reduces efficiency.
-
Chronic Stress – Long-term stress affecting health.
Q7. Explain General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
Hans Selye proposed the General Adaptation Syndrome, which includes three stages:
-
Alarm Stage – Body prepares to fight or flee.
-
Resistance Stage – Body tries to cope with stress.
-
Exhaustion Stage – Resources are depleted, leading to illness.
Q8. What is Emotional Intelligence? Mention its components.
Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to understand, manage, and use emotions effectively.
Components:
-
Self-awareness
-
Self-regulation
-
Motivation
-
Empathy
-
Social skills
✅ PART – C (Essay Type Questions – 5 Marks Each)
Q9. Describe the classification of Psychological Disorders.
Psychological disorders are classified mainly according to DSM-5 and ICD systems.
Major categories:
-
Anxiety Disorders – Phobia, Panic Disorder, OCD
-
Mood Disorders – Depression, Bipolar Disorder
-
Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders
-
Eating Disorders – Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa
-
Personality Disorders
-
Neurodevelopmental Disorders – Autism Spectrum Disorder
Classification helps in proper diagnosis and treatment planning.
Q10. Explain the different approaches to Psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy includes various approaches:
1. Psychodynamic Therapy (Freud)
-
Focuses on unconscious conflicts.
-
Uses free association and dream analysis.
2. Behaviour Therapy
-
Based on learning principles.
-
Uses techniques like systematic desensitization and reinforcement.
3. Cognitive Therapy
-
Developed by Aaron Beck.
-
Changes faulty thinking patterns.
4. Humanistic Therapy
-
Developed by Carl Rogers.
-
Focuses on self-growth and unconditional positive regard.
5. Alternative Therapies
-
Yoga
-
Meditation
-
Biofeedback
Psychotherapy aims to improve emotional well-being and behavioural adjustment.
✅ 2021 PART–II (Objective Questions – Answers)
1. In the following which is not the type of Intelligence as per Gardner Theory?
✅ Answer: (C) Memory
2. How many primary mental abilities are proposed by Thurston?
✅ Answer: (B) 7
3. __________ refers to an individual’s potential for acquiring some specific skills.
✅ Answer: Aptitude
4. What are Bipolar Disorders?
✅ Answer: Mood disorders in which both mania and depression occur alternately.
5. Which personality type is not described by Sheldon?
✅ Answer: (A) Introversion
6. “General Adaptation Syndrome” concept is given by:
✅ Answer: (D) Hans Selye
7. Who proposed Psychodynamic Therapy?
✅ Answer: (C) Sigmund Freud
8. Which process is not involved in Impression Formation?
✅ Answer: (B) Prediction
9. Religion is an example of which type of group?
✅ Answer: (C) Formal Group
10. What do you mean by Social Distance?
✅ Answer: The degree of closeness or acceptance between different social groups.
11. Which is not a cause of group conflict?
✅ Answer: (D) Reward Structure
12. Which is the most indirect form of social influence?
✅ Answer: (C) Conformity
13. The reaction to external stressors is called:
✅ Answer: Stress
14. What is Eustress?
✅ Answer: Positive stress that enhances performance.
15. Physical, Emotional & Psychological exhaustion state is called:
✅ Answer: Burnout
16. Who formulated Rational Emotive Therapy?
✅ Answer: Albert Ellis
17. The concept of cognitive dissonance was proposed by:
✅ Answer: Leon Festinger
18. Define Crowd.
✅ Answer: A temporary collection of people gathered at a place without formal organization.
19. What is Personal Identity?
✅ Answer: An individual’s unique characteristics and self-definition.
20. What do you understand by self-esteem?
✅ Answer: A person’s evaluation of his or her own worth.
21. Our ability to organize & monitor our own behaviour is called:
✅ Answer: Self-regulation
22. The instinctual life force that energises the Id is called:
✅ Answer: Libido
23. Name the Four D’s of Abnormality.
✅ Answer:
-
Deviance
-
Distress
-
Dysfunction
-
Danger
24. What is the full form of DSM-5?
✅ Answer: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Edition
25. Dissociative Identity Disorder is often referred to as:
✅ Answer: Multiple Personality Disorder
26. Which of the following are eating disorders?
✅ Answer: (D) All of the above
27. (Continuation – if included in paper structure)
✅ Correct answer as per paper: (Handled above if applicable)
HBSE Class 12 Psychology – 2023 Full Paper Solutions (English Medium)
✅ PART – A (Objective Type Questions)
(1 Mark Each)
1. Who defined intelligence as the ability to judge well, understand well and reason well?
✅ Answer: (c) Alfred Binet
2. Who introduced the concept of Emotional Intelligence?
✅ Answer: (b) Salovey & Mayer
3. Judgment about one’s own worth is called:
✅ Answer: (c) Self Esteem
4. Who classified traits into Cardinal, Central and Secondary traits?
✅ Answer: (d) Gordon Allport
5. Repression, Projection and Denial cannot be placed in Defence Mechanism.
✅ Answer: False
6. Some people cannot identify stress patterns or severity of symptoms.
✅ Answer: True
7. When an electrical impulse reaches neuron ending, chemical released is:
✅ Answer: Neurotransmitter
8. Free association belongs to:
✅ Answer: (c) Psychodynamic Therapy
9. Balance theory was proposed by:
✅ Answer: (c) Fritz Heider
10. People work less in a group than alone.
✅ Answer: True (Social Loafing)
11. Gas responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy:
✅ Answer: (d) M.I.C.
12. Required quality for counselling skill:
✅ Answer: (d) All of the above
✅ PART – B (Very Short Answer – 2 Marks Each)
13. Difference between Interest and Aptitude:
| Interest | Aptitude |
|---|---|
| Liking for an activity | Potential to learn a skill |
| Emotional preference | Ability-based potential |
14. Three levels of Consciousness:
-
Conscious
-
Preconscious
-
Unconscious
(Freud’s Model)
15. Any two stress management techniques:
-
Relaxation techniques
-
Time management
-
Meditation
-
Exercise
16. Utility of classification of psychological disorders:
-
Helps diagnosis
-
Guides treatment
-
Facilitates research
-
Improves communication among professionals
17. Types of Hallucination:
-
Auditory
-
Visual
-
Tactile
-
Olfactory
18. Relationship between attitude and behaviour:
Attitudes influence behaviour, but behaviour may not always match attitude due to situational factors.
19. Characteristics of pro-social behaviour:
-
Voluntary
-
Helpful
-
No expectation of reward
-
Socially beneficial
20. Why do people join groups?
-
Security
-
Status
-
Goal achievement
-
Affiliation
21. Symptoms of PTSD:
-
Flashbacks
-
Nightmares
-
Hyperarousal
-
Avoidance behaviour
22. How to promote pro-environmental behaviour?
-
Awareness campaigns
-
Reinforcement
-
Education
-
Government policies
✅ PART – C (Short Answer – 3 Marks Each)
23. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)
Three types:
-
Analytical Intelligence
-
Creative Intelligence
-
Practical Intelligence
24. Any one projective technique:
Rorschach Inkblot Test
-
Inkblot cards shown
-
Person interprets images
-
Reveals unconscious conflicts
25. Types of Stress:
-
Eustress
-
Distress
-
Acute stress
-
Chronic stress
26. Ethics in Psychotherapy:
-
Confidentiality
-
Informed consent
-
Professional competence
-
Non-maleficence
-
Respect for client dignity
27. Alternative therapies:
-
Yoga
-
Meditation
-
Biofeedback
-
Acupuncture
28. Types of Groups:
-
Primary & Secondary
-
Formal & Informal
-
In-group & Out-group
✅ PART – D (Essay Type – 5 Marks Each)
29. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Gardner proposed 8 types:
-
Linguistic
-
Logical-Mathematical
-
Spatial
-
Musical
-
Bodily-Kinesthetic
-
Interpersonal
-
Intrapersonal
-
Naturalistic
Each person has unique combination of intelligences.
30. Relationship between Creativity and Intelligence
-
Intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity.
-
Creativity involves originality, flexibility and divergent thinking.
-
High IQ does not guarantee creativity.
-
Threshold theory suggests moderate intelligence is required for creativity.
HBSE Class 12 Psychology – 2024 Full Paper Solutions (English Medium)
✅ PART – A (Objective Type Questions – 1 Mark Each)
1. Who proposed the theory of primary mental abilities?
✅ Answer: (b) Thurston
2. Which is NOT an element of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?
✅ Answer: (c) Musical Intelligence
3. In which culture self and group are separate entities?
✅ Answer: (b) Western
4. Who developed Client-Centred Therapy?
✅ Answer: (b) Rogers
5. Persons prone to depression are:
✅ Answer: (d) Type ‘D’
6. Reaction to external stressor is called:
✅ Answer: (b) Distress
7. Intelligence involving monitoring one’s own and others’ emotions is:
✅ Answer: Emotional Intelligence
8. Mood disorder with mania and depression is:
✅ Answer: Bipolar Disorder
9. According to Tuckman, groups pass through:
✅ Answer: Four stages
(Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing)
10. Who devised the concept of IQ?
✅ Answer: William Stern
11. Who developed 16 PF Questionnaire?
✅ Answer: Raymond Cattell
12. Full form of ICD:
✅ Answer: International Classification of Diseases
13. Assertion–Reason (Eustress)
Both A and R are true and R explains A.
✅ Answer: (a)
14. Assertion–Reason (Attitude & Prejudice)
Both A and R are true and R explains A.
✅ Answer: (a)
15. Assertion–Reason (In-group & Out-group)
Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation.
✅ Answer: (b)
✅ PART – B (Very Short Answer – 2 Marks Each)
16. Define Aptitude.
Aptitude is an individual’s potential or capacity to learn and develop proficiency in a particular area.
17. What is Self-Concept?
Self-concept is the perception and evaluation of oneself including beliefs, attributes and abilities.
18. Alarm Reaction Stage of GAS:
First stage of stress response where body prepares for fight or flight by releasing adrenaline.
(OR)
Social Stress: Stress arising from interaction with society, discrimination or social pressures.
19. What is Phobia?
An irrational and excessive fear of a specific object, situation or activity.
20. Therapeutic Relationship:
A professional relationship between therapist and client based on trust, empathy and confidentiality.
21. Two-Step Concept of Attitude Change:
-
Message received by opinion leaders
-
Opinion leaders influence others
(OR)
Scapegoating: Blaming weaker groups for problems caused by others.
✅ PART – C (Short Answer – 3 Marks Each)
22. How does stress affect immune system?
-
Reduces immunity
-
Increases susceptibility to illness
-
Long-term stress weakens resistance
-
High cortisol affects immune functioning
23. Autism Spectrum Disorder:
-
Neurodevelopmental disorder
-
Difficulty in social communication
-
Restricted and repetitive behaviours
(OR)
Alcohol Abuse:
-
Excessive drinking
-
Loss of control
-
Social and health problems
24. Ethics in Psychotherapy:
-
Confidentiality
-
Informed consent
-
Professional competence
-
Respect and dignity
-
Non-exploitation
25. Systematic Desensitization:
Behaviour therapy technique used to treat phobia through gradual exposure and relaxation training.
26. Factors influencing attitude formation:
-
Family
-
School
-
Reference groups
-
Media
-
Personal experience
27. How to reduce Social Loafing?
-
Make individuals accountable
-
Reduce group size
-
Increase motivation
-
Assign specific roles
✅ PART – D (Essay Type – 5 Marks Each)
28. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Gardner proposed 8 intelligences:
-
Linguistic
-
Logical-Mathematical
-
Spatial
-
Musical
-
Bodily-Kinesthetic
-
Interpersonal
-
Intrapersonal
-
Naturalistic
Each individual has unique combination.
(OR)
Relationship between Creativity & Intelligence:
-
Intelligence supports creativity
-
Divergent thinking important
-
Threshold theory
HBSE Class 12 Psychology – 2025 Full Paper Solutions (English Medium)
✅ PART – A (Objective Type Questions – 1 Mark Each)
1. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was first calculated by:
✅ Answer: (b) William Stern
2. Which of the following is not a defence mechanism?
✅ Answer: (c) Intelligence
3. Which personality trait is related to emotional instability?
✅ Answer: (d) Neuroticism
4. Who proposed the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome?
✅ Answer: (c) Hans Selye
5. DSM-5 stands for:
✅ Answer: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Edition
6. Excessive alcohol consumption disorder is called:
✅ Answer: Alcohol Use Disorder
7. Emotional Intelligence includes:
✅ Answer: (d) All of the above
8. People feel less responsible in a group. This is:
✅ Answer: Diffusion of Responsibility
9. Attitude has how many components?
✅ Answer: Three
(Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural)
10. Which therapy uses free association?
✅ Answer: Psychodynamic Therapy
11. Which is an example of projective technique?
✅ Answer: Rorschach Inkblot Test
12. Which is not a type of anxiety disorder?
✅ Answer: Bipolar Disorder
✅ PART – B (Very Short Answer – 2 Marks Each)
13. Define Aptitude.
Aptitude is the potential ability of an individual to learn a skill or acquire knowledge in a specific area.
14. What is Self-Efficacy?
Self-efficacy is a person’s belief in their ability to perform tasks successfully.
15. Two sources of stress:
-
Environmental stress
-
Psychological stress
16. Define Hallucination.
Hallucination is perception without external stimulus.
17. Ethics in Counselling:
-
Confidentiality
-
Informed consent
-
Non-judgmental attitude
18. What is Conformity?
Conformity is adjusting one’s behaviour or beliefs to match group norms.
19. What is Prejudice?
Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a person based on group membership.
20. What is Pro-social Behaviour?
Voluntary behaviour intended to benefit others.
✅ PART – C (Short Answer – 3 Marks Each)
21. Big Five Personality Traits:
-
Openness
-
Conscientiousness
-
Extraversion
-
Agreeableness
-
Neuroticism
22. Effects of Stress:
-
Headache
-
High blood pressure
-
Anxiety
-
Irritability
-
Weak immunity
23. Anxiety Disorders:
-
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
-
Phobia
-
Panic Disorder
-
OCD
24. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT):
-
Combines cognitive & behavioural approach
-
Changes negative thought patterns
-
Uses homework and behavioural exercises
25. Factors influencing attitude change:
-
Source credibility
-
Message quality
-
Emotional appeal
-
Audience characteristics
26. Tuckman’s Stages of Group Formation:
-
Forming
-
Storming
-
Norming
-
Performing
✅ PART – D (Essay Type – 5 Marks Each)
27. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory:
Eight intelligences:
-
Linguistic
-
Logical-Mathematical
-
Spatial
-
Musical
-
Bodily-Kinesthetic
-
Interpersonal
-
Intrapersonal
-
Naturalistic
Each individual possesses unique intelligence profile.
(OR)
Relationship between Creativity and Intelligence:
-
Intelligence helps problem-solving
-
Creativity involves originality
-
Divergent thinking important
-
Threshold theory explains minimum IQ required
🔥 100 RAPID FIRE MCQs (WITHOUT ANSWERS)
🧠 INTELLIGENCE & CREATIVITY
-
Who developed the first intelligence test?
A) Binet B) Stern C) Gardner D) Spearman -
IQ formula was given by:
A) Stern B) Binet C) Freud D) Thurstone -
IQ = ?
A) MA/CA ×100 B) CA/MA ×100 C) MA+CA D) MA–CA -
Primary Mental Abilities were proposed by:
A) Gardner B) Thurstone C) Spearman D) Stern -
Triarchic Theory was proposed by:
A) Gardner B) Sternberg C) Binet D) Cattell -
Practical intelligence deals with:
A) School learning B) Novel ideas C) Real-life skills D) Music -
Musical intelligence was proposed by:
A) Gardner B) Sternberg C) Freud D) Ellis -
Divergent thinking is related to:
A) Memory B) Intelligence C) Creativity D) Aptitude -
Aptitude refers to:
A) Interest B) Skill C) Potential ability D) Hobby -
Emotional Intelligence includes:
A) Empathy B) Memory C) IQ D) Reflex
👤 SELF & PERSONALITY
-
Self-esteem means:
A) Self-control B) Self-worth C) Self-image D) Self-efficacy -
Self-efficacy concept was given by:
A) Bandura B) Freud C) Rogers D) Ellis -
Id works on:
A) Reality principle B) Moral principle C) Pleasure principle D) Ego -
Ego works on:
A) Pleasure B) Reality C) Moral D) Fantasy -
Superego represents:
A) Instincts B) Morals C) Reality D) Desires -
Repression is:
A) Denial B) Projection C) Pushing into unconscious D) Rationalisation -
Projection means:
A) Accept reality B) Blame others C) Ignore stress D) Escape -
16 PF was developed by:
A) Cattell B) Allport C) Freud D) Stern -
Big Five includes:
A) OCEAN B) ICEAN C) ABCDE D) IQEQ -
Type A personality is:
A) Relaxed B) Competitive C) Calm D) Slow
😰 STRESS & COPING
-
GAS was proposed by:
A) Freud B) Selye C) Stern D) Gardner -
First stage of GAS:
A) Resistance B) Alarm C) Exhaustion D) Collapse -
Positive stress is:
A) Distress B) Burnout C) Eustress D) Trauma -
Burnout means:
A) Physical injury B) Emotional exhaustion C) Fear D) IQ loss -
Problem-focused coping aims to:
A) Change emotion B) Change stressor C) Avoid stress D) Ignore -
Meditation helps in:
A) Stress increase B) Stress reduction C) IQ decrease D) Anxiety increase
🧩 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
-
Four D’s include:
A) Danger B) Distress C) Deviance D) All -
DSM-5 stands for:
A) Diagnostic Manual B) Statistical Manual C) Both D) None -
Irrational fear is:
A) OCD B) Phobia C) PTSD D) Mania -
Bipolar disorder includes:
A) Anxiety B) Mania & Depression C) OCD D) Fear -
Hallucination is:
A) False belief B) False perception C) Fear D) Dream -
Delusion is:
A) False belief B) False perception C) Stress D) Fear -
PTSD occurs after:
A) Happiness B) Trauma C) IQ test D) Sleep -
OCD includes:
A) Obsession B) Compulsion C) Both D) None
🛋 THERAPIES
-
Free association belongs to:
A) CBT B) Behaviour therapy C) Psychoanalysis D) Yoga -
CBT combines:
A) Cognitive & Behaviour B) IQ & EQ C) Stress & Fear D) None -
RET was given by:
A) Rogers B) Ellis C) Freud D) Beck -
Client-centred therapy was given by:
A) Rogers B) Freud C) Ellis D) Stern -
Systematic desensitization treats:
A) Depression B) Phobia C) IQ D) Mania -
Confidentiality is:
A) Optional B) Ethical principle C) Illegal D) None
👥 ATTITUDE & SOCIAL INFLUENCE
-
Attitude has how many components?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 -
Cognitive dissonance was proposed by:
A) Heider B) Festinger C) Freud D) Ellis -
Balance theory was proposed by:
A) Festinger B) Heider C) Stern D) Gardner -
Prejudice is:
A) Positive attitude B) Negative attitude C) Skill D) IQ -
Conformity is:
A) Direct influence B) Indirect influence C) Therapy D) Disorder -
Compliance means:
A) Refuse request B) Agree to request C) Ignore D) Punish -
Obedience involves:
A) Authority B) Friend C) Group D) Crowd
👨👩👧👦 GROUP PROCESSES
-
Social loafing means:
A) More effort B) Less effort C) Equal effort D) No group -
Diffusion of responsibility occurs in:
A) Individual B) Crowd C) Therapy D) School -
Tuckman stages include:
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
🧠 INTELLIGENCE & PERSONALITY
-
Spearman proposed:
A) Multiple Intelligence
B) g-factor Theory
C) Triarchic Theory
D) Emotional Intelligence -
g-factor represents:
A) General ability
B) Specific skill
C) Creativity
D) Interest -
Sternberg’s analytical intelligence is related to:
A) Practical tasks
B) Academic problem solving
C) Music
D) Emotions -
Gardner’s naturalistic intelligence relates to:
A) Numbers
B) Nature
C) Language
D) Memory -
Cardinal traits are:
A) Dominant traits
B) Weak traits
C) Temporary traits
D) Situational traits -
Central traits are:
A) Rare traits
B) Major characteristics
C) Hidden traits
D) Minor habits -
Neuroticism is related to:
A) Emotional stability
B) Emotional instability
C) Intelligence
D) Creativity -
Type B personality is:
A) Competitive
B) Aggressive
C) Relaxed
D) Impatient -
Self-concept develops through:
A) Isolation
B) Social interaction
C) Therapy
D) Memory -
Personal identity differs from social identity because it is:
A) Group-based
B) Unique to individual
C) Cultural
D) Formal
😰 STRESS & HEALTH
-
Chronic stress leads to:
A) Strong immunity
B) Weak immunity
C) Higher IQ
D) Better memory -
Resistance stage of GAS means:
A) Collapse
B) Body fights stress
C) Panic
D) No response -
Exhaustion stage occurs when:
A) Energy remains
B) Resources depleted
C) Stress ends
D) IQ increases -
Emotion-focused coping aims to:
A) Remove stressor
B) Change feelings
C) Avoid people
D) Increase tension -
Social support helps in:
A) Increasing stress
B) Reducing stress
C) Causing burnout
D) Ignoring stress -
Burnout mainly occurs due to:
A) Short rest
B) Long-term stress
C) IQ loss
D) Phobia
🧩 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
-
Deviance refers to:
A) Socially unacceptable behaviour
B) Happiness
C) Intelligence
D) Relaxation -
Dysfunction means:
A) Efficient work
B) Impaired functioning
C) Happiness
D) Therapy -
Anxiety disorder includes:
A) Phobia
B) Mania
C) IQ
D) Memory -
Mania is characterised by:
A) Sadness
B) High energy
C) Fear
D) Hallucination -
Depression includes:
A) Excess happiness
B) Persistent sadness
C) Anger only
D) Fear only -
Schizophrenia involves:
A) Clear thinking
B) Disturbed thought & perception
C) High IQ
D) Creativity -
Substance use disorder affects:
A) Behaviour
B) Mood
C) Health
D) All -
Autism Spectrum Disorder mainly affects:
A) Memory
B) Social communication
C) IQ only
D) Height
🛋 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
-
Behaviour therapy is based on:
A) Learning principles
B) Unconscious conflict
C) Dreams
D) Astrology -
Systematic desensitization uses:
A) Relaxation & gradual exposure
B) Shock therapy
C) Medicine only
D) IQ test -
Beck developed:
A) Psychoanalysis
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Yoga therapy
D) Group therapy -
Unconditional positive regard is given by:
A) Freud
B) Rogers
C) Ellis
D) Stern -
Therapeutic alliance refers to:
A) Contract
B) Trust between therapist & client
C) Money
D) Diagnosis -
Biofeedback helps in controlling:
A) Height
B) Physiological responses
C) IQ
D) Intelligence
👥 ATTITUDE & SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
-
Affective component of attitude refers to:
A) Beliefs
B) Emotions
C) Actions
D) IQ -
Behavioural component refers to:
A) Thinking
B) Feeling
C) Action tendency
D) Memory -
Discrimination is:
A) Positive action
B) Negative behaviour
C) IQ test
D) Therapy -
Conformity increases when group is:
A) Small
B) Unanimous
C) Divided
D) Weak -
Compliance technique “Foot-in-the-door” means:
A) Big request first
B) Small request first
C) Refuse request
D) Punishment -
“Door-in-the-face” technique means:
A) Small request first
B) Large request first
C) Ignore
D) Accept immediately -
Obedience studies were conducted by:
A) Milgram
B) Freud
C) Rogers
D) Ellis -
Social distance refers to:
A) Physical gap
B) Emotional distance between groups
C) IQ difference
D) Therapy
👨👩👧👦 GROUP PROCESSES
-
Primary groups are:
A) Formal
B) Close & personal
C) Large
D) Official -
In-group bias means:
A) Favouring own group
B) Favouring outsiders
C) Ignoring group
D) Therapy -
Intergroup conflict can be reduced by:
A) Competition
B) Superordinate goals
C) Isolation
D) Prejudice -
Crowd behaviour shows:
A) Individual control
B) Diffusion of responsibility
C) Therapy
D) IQ -
Social loafing decreases when:
A) Accountability increases
B) Group is large
C) Task is easy
D) No monitoring -
Forming stage involves:
A) Conflict
B) Introduction
C) Productivity
D) Collapse -
Storming stage includes:
A) Harmony
B) Conflict
C) Completion
D) Celebration -
Norming stage involves:
A) Conflict
B) Rules & unity
C) Collapse
D) Isolation -
Performing stage focuses on:
A) Fighting
B) Task completion
C) Introduction
D) Separation -
Pro-social behaviour includes:
A) Helping others
B) Harming others
C) Ignoring others
D) Competing -
Cooperation promotes:
A) Conflict
B) Harmony
C) Isolation
D) Anxiety -
Group polarization means:
A) Moderate decisions
B) Extreme group decisions
C) No decision
D) IQ change
| Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | 26 | B | 51 | B | 76 | A |
| 2 | A | 27 | D | 52 | A | 77 | B |
| 3 | A | 28 | C | 53 | B | 78 | B |
| 4 | B | 29 | B | 54 | B | 79 | B |
| 5 | B | 30 | B | 55 | A | 80 | B |
| 6 | C | 31 | B | 56 | B | 81 | B |
| 7 | A | 32 | A | 57 | B | 82 | C |
| 8 | C | 33 | B | 58 | C | 83 | B |
| 9 | C | 34 | C | 59 | B | 84 | B |
| 10 | A | 35 | C | 60 | B | 85 | B |
| 11 | B | 36 | A | 61 | B | 86 | B |
| 12 | A | 37 | B | 62 | B | 87 | A |
| 13 | C | 38 | A | 63 | B | 88 | B |
| 14 | B | 39 | B | 64 | B | 89 | B |
| 15 | B | 40 | B | 65 | B | 90 | A |
| 16 | C | 41 | B | 66 | B | 91 | B |
| 17 | B | 42 | B | 67 | A | 92 | B |
| 18 | A | 43 | B | 68 | B | 93 | A |
| 19 | A | 44 | B | 69 | A | 94 | B |
| 20 | B | 45 | B | 70 | B | 95 | B |
| 21 | B | 46 | B | 71 | B | 96 | B |
| 22 | B | 47 | A | 72 | B | 97 | B |
| 23 | C | 48 | B | 73 | D | 98 | A |
| 24 | B | 49 | B | 74 | B | 99 | B |
| 25 | B | 50 | C | 75 | A | 100 | B |
10 Advanced Case Studies (Reading Comprehension Pattern)
✔ Case Paragraph Expanded
✔ 3 One-Mark Questions
✔ Answers Included
✔ Board Level Ready
🧠 CASE STUDY 1 – STRESS (GAS)
Rohan is a Class 12 student preparing for board examinations. In the beginning, he feels alert, motivated and studies for long hours. As exams approach, his heartbeat increases and he finds it difficult to sleep. After a few weeks, he becomes tired, irritated and unable to concentrate properly. He frequently complains of headaches and feels physically weak. His parents observe that he has become emotionally exhausted and less productive.
Questions:
-
Name the stress model shown in the case.
-
Which stage includes fatigue and weakness?
-
Who proposed this model?
Answers:
-
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
-
Exhaustion Stage
-
Hans Selye
🧠 CASE STUDY 2 – DEFENCE MECHANISM
After receiving low marks in the final examination, Neha feels disappointed. Instead of accepting her mistake, she blames the teacher for giving an unfair paper. She says the checking was biased and refuses to admit that she did not prepare well. When her friends try to discuss the result, she avoids the topic and insists that she was treated unfairly.
Questions:
-
Identify the defence mechanism shown when she blames the teacher.
-
Are defence mechanisms conscious or unconscious?
-
Who proposed the concept of defence mechanisms?
Answers:
-
Projection
-
Unconscious
-
Sigmund Freud
🧠 CASE STUDY 3 – OCD
Aman feels anxious if things are not arranged properly. He repeatedly washes his hands even when they are clean. Before sleeping, he checks the door lock several times because he fears something bad might happen. Even though he knows his behaviour is excessive, he cannot control it.
Questions:
-
Name the disorder shown.
-
What are repeated thoughts called?
-
What are repeated actions called?
Answers:
-
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
-
Obsessions
-
Compulsions
🧠 CASE STUDY 4 – BIPOLAR DISORDER
Riya sometimes feels extremely energetic and talks continuously for days. She sleeps very little and makes unrealistic plans. After a few weeks, she suddenly becomes sad, hopeless and avoids social interaction. She loses interest in activities she once enjoyed.
Questions:
-
Identify the disorder.
-
What is the high-energy phase called?
-
What is the low-mood phase called?
Answers:
-
Bipolar Disorder
-
Mania
-
Depression
🧠 CASE STUDY 5 – PHOBIA
Kunal has intense fear of dogs. Even seeing a dog on television makes him anxious. When he walks on the street and sees a dog, his heart beats rapidly and he immediately changes his route. He knows his fear is irrational but cannot control it.
Questions:
-
Identify the disorder.
-
Phobia belongs to which category of disorders?
-
Name one therapy used for phobia.
Answers:
-
Specific Phobia
-
Anxiety Disorders
-
Systematic Desensitization
🧠 CASE STUDY 6 – COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
Ritika is aware that smoking is harmful and can cause serious diseases. However, she continues smoking daily. When her friend warns her, she replies that many people smoke and still live long lives. She tries to justify her behaviour to reduce her discomfort.
Questions:
-
Identify the theory involved.
-
Who proposed this theory?
-
What feeling arises due to dissonance?
Answers:
-
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
-
Leon Festinger
-
Psychological discomfort
🧠 CASE STUDY 7 – SOCIAL LOAFING
In a group project assigned by the teacher, five students are supposed to work together. However, only two students complete most of the work. The remaining students depend on them and contribute very little. When the teacher questions the group, each member blames the others.
Questions:
-
Identify the concept shown.
-
Social loafing occurs due to what?
-
In what situation does loafing increase?
Answers:
-
Social Loafing
-
Diffusion of Responsibility
-
Group Situation
🧠 CASE STUDY 8 – EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Neha understands her friends’ emotions very well. When conflicts arise, she calmly listens to both sides and resolves the issue peacefully. During difficult situations, she motivates herself and remains emotionally balanced.
Questions:
-
Identify the concept.
-
Name one component of this concept.
-
Emotional intelligence was proposed by whom?
Answers:
-
Emotional Intelligence
-
Empathy (or Self-awareness / Self-regulation)
-
Salovey and Mayer
🧠 CASE STUDY 9 – BIG FIVE MODEL
Amit is responsible and disciplined in his work. He completes assignments on time and remains emotionally stable even under pressure. He is cooperative with others and open to new experiences.
Questions:
-
Which personality model is referred to?
-
Emotional stability is opposite of which trait?
-
Write the short name of this model.
Answers:
-
Big Five Model
-
Neuroticism
-
OCEAN
🧠 CASE STUDY 10 – PTSD
After surviving a serious road accident, Mohit repeatedly dreams about the incident. Loud sounds make him nervous, and he avoids driving on highways. He feels anxious and becomes easily irritated.
Questions:
-
Identify the disorder.
-
Name one symptom shown.
-
PTSD develops after what type of event?
Answers:
-
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
-
Flashbacks / Nightmares
-
Traumatic Event
BEST 25 Assertion & Reason (A&R) Questions – Class 12 Psychology
✔ Board Level
✔ Conceptual
✔ Most Repeated Areas
✔ Answers with Correct Option
📘 Instructions Pattern
A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
🧠 ASSERTION & REASON (1–25)
1
Assertion (A): Intelligence includes analytical, creative and practical abilities.
Reason (R): Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Theory.
Answer: A
2
A: IQ remains constant throughout life.
R: IQ depends only on heredity.
Answer: D
3
A: Defence mechanisms reduce anxiety.
R: They operate unconsciously.
Answer: A
4
A: Id follows reality principle.
R: Ego follows pleasure principle.
Answer: D
5
A: Big Five model is also called OCEAN.
R: It includes Neuroticism as one dimension.
Answer: B
6
A: Eustress improves performance.
R: Eustress is a negative form of stress.
Answer: C
7
A: GAS consists of three stages.
R: Exhaustion is the first stage.
Answer: C
8
A: OCD is classified under anxiety disorders.
R: OCD includes obsessions and compulsions.
Answer: A
9
A: Phobia is an irrational fear.
R: Phobia leads to avoidance behaviour.
Answer: A
10
A: Hallucination is a false belief.
R: Delusion is a false perception.
Answer: D
11
A: Bipolar disorder includes mania and depression.
R: Mania involves extremely high energy levels.
Answer: A
12
A: CBT focuses on changing negative thoughts.
R: CBT ignores behaviour completely.
Answer: C
13
A: Client-centred therapy was proposed by Rogers.
R: It emphasizes unconditional positive regard.
Answer: A
14
A: Conformity involves change in behaviour due to group pressure.
R: Compliance involves direct request.
Answer: B
15
A: Social loafing increases individual effort.
R: It occurs due to diffusion of responsibility.
Answer: D
16
A: Group polarization leads to moderate decisions.
R: Discussion strengthens dominant views.
Answer: D
17
A: Cognitive dissonance creates psychological discomfort.
R: People try to reduce dissonance by changing beliefs.
Answer: A
18
A: Balance theory was proposed by Heider.
R: It focuses on consistency in relationships.
Answer: A
19
A: Prejudice is a positive evaluation of a group.
R: Discrimination is behavioural expression of prejudice.
Answer: D
20
A: Primary groups are emotionally close.
R: Secondary groups are formal and goal-oriented.
Answer: B
21
A: PTSD develops after traumatic events.
R: Flashbacks are common symptoms.
Answer: A
22
A: Emotional intelligence includes empathy.
R: Empathy means understanding others’ emotions.
Answer: A
23
A: Neuroticism reflects emotional stability.
R: High neuroticism indicates anxiety and moodiness.
Answer: D
24
A: Systematic desensitization is used to treat phobia.
R: It involves gradual exposure and relaxation.
Answer: A
25
A: Chronic stress weakens immunity.
R: Stress increases cortisol secretion.
Answer: A
20 Mixed Case + Assertion–Reason Questions (Board Level)
✔ केस आधारित + A&R
📘 निर्देश (Assertion–Reason Pattern)
A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
🧠 CASE + A&R (1–20)
1. STRESS (GAS)
Rohit feels alert before exams, later becomes tired and weak.
A: Rohit is experiencing General Adaptation Syndrome.
R: Exhaustion stage leads to fatigue.
Answer: A
Rohit is experiencing General Adaptation Syndrome. Exhaustion stage causes fatigue and weakness, which correctly explains the assertion.
2. DEFENCE MECHANISM
Neha blames the teacher for her poor marks.
A: Neha is using projection.
R: Projection involves blaming others for one’s own fault.
Answer: A
Neha is blaming the teacher for her failure. Projection means blaming others for one’s own fault. Both statements are true and correctly related.
3. OCD
Aman repeatedly checks the door lock.
A: Aman is suffering from OCD.
R: OCD includes obsessions and compulsions.
Answer: A
Repeated checking is a symptom of OCD. OCD includes obsessions and compulsions. Reason correctly explains assertion.
4. BIPOLAR
Riya shows high energy for days and later deep sadness.
A: Riya may have Bipolar Disorder.
R: Bipolar disorder includes mania and depression.
Answer: A
Bipolar disorder includes mania (high energy) and depression (low mood). Both are correctly linked
5. PHOBIA
Kunal avoids dogs due to extreme fear.
A: Kunal has specific phobia.
R: Phobia is irrational fear of specific object.
Answer: A
Specific phobia is irrational fear of a particular object. Avoidance behaviour confirms the diagnosis.
6. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
Ritika smokes despite knowing its harm.
A: She is experiencing cognitive dissonance.
R: Dissonance creates psychological discomfort.
Answer: A
Ritika experiences discomfort due to conflict between belief and behaviour. Dissonance creates psychological discomfort. Correct explanation.
7. SOCIAL LOAFING
Group members do not contribute equally.
A: Social loafing occurs in individual work.
R: Social loafing happens due to diffusion of responsibility.
Answer: D
Assertion is false because social loafing occurs in group work, not individual work.
Reason is true (diffusion of responsibility).
8. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Neha resolves conflicts calmly.
A: Neha has high emotional intelligence.
R: Emotional intelligence includes empathy.
8️⃣ Emotional Intelligence
Answer: A
Conflict resolution and empathy are parts of emotional intelligence. Reason explains assertion.
9. BIG FIVE
Amit is disciplined and responsible.
A: He shows high conscientiousness.
R: Conscientiousness reflects responsibility.
Answer: A
Discipline and responsibility reflect conscientiousness. Reason correctly explains it.
10. PTSD
Mohit dreams repeatedly about accident.
A: Mohit has PTSD.
R: PTSD develops after traumatic events.
Answer: A
Repeated dreams (flashbacks) after trauma indicate PTSD. Reason correctly explains assertion.
11. GAS STAGES
Rohan first feels alert, then tired.
A: Alarm stage comes before exhaustion.
R: Resistance stage is final stage.
12. DEFENCE MECHANISM
Student refuses to accept failure.
A: He is using denial.
R: Denial means refusing to accept reality.
13. CBT
Therapist changes negative thoughts.
A: CBT focuses on thought restructuring.
R: CBT ignores behaviour completely.
14. GROUP POLARIZATION
After discussion, group decision becomes extreme.
A: This is group polarization.
R: Discussion strengthens dominant views.
15. CONFORMITY
Student dresses like friends.
A: He is showing conformity.
R: Conformity involves adjusting behaviour to group norms.
16. PREJUDICE
Person believes a community is inferior.
A: This is prejudice.
R: Prejudice is behavioural action.
17. FOUR D’s
Person shows distress and dysfunction.
A: This relates to abnormality criteria.
R: Four D’s define abnormal behaviour.
18. HALLUCINATION
Patient hears voices.
A: This is hallucination.
R: Hallucination is false perception without stimulus.
19. STRESS & IMMUNITY
Chronic stress makes person sick frequently.
A: Chronic stress weakens immunity.
R: Stress increases cortisol levels.
20. BALANCE THEORY
Seema likes her friend but dislikes her friend’s favourite team and feels uncomfortable.
A: She is experiencing imbalance.
R: Balance theory focuses on cognitive consistency.
20 Mixed Case + Assertion–Reason Questions with Detailed Answers (Board Explanation Style)
📘 Option Code Reminder
A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
1️⃣ Stress (GAS)
Answer: A
Rohit is experiencing General Adaptation Syndrome. Exhaustion stage causes fatigue and weakness, which correctly explains the assertion.
2️⃣ Defence Mechanism (Projection)
Answer: A
Neha is blaming the teacher for her failure. Projection means blaming others for one’s own fault. Both statements are true and correctly related.
3️⃣ OCD
Answer: A
Repeated checking is a symptom of OCD. OCD includes obsessions and compulsions. Reason correctly explains assertion.
4️⃣ Bipolar Disorder
Answer: A
Bipolar disorder includes mania (high energy) and depression (low mood). Both are correctly linked.
5️⃣ Phobia
Answer: A
Specific phobia is irrational fear of a particular object. Avoidance behaviour confirms the diagnosis.
6️⃣ Cognitive Dissonance
Answer: A
Ritika experiences discomfort due to conflict between belief and behaviour. Dissonance creates psychological discomfort. Correct explanation.
7️⃣ Social Loafing
Answer: D
Assertion is false because social loafing occurs in group work, not individual work.
Reason is true (diffusion of responsibility).
8️⃣ Emotional Intelligence
Answer: A
Conflict resolution and empathy are parts of emotional intelligence. Reason explains assertion.
9️⃣ Big Five – Conscientiousness
Answer: A
Discipline and responsibility reflect conscientiousness. Reason correctly explains it.
🔟 PTSD
Answer: A
Repeated dreams (flashbacks) after trauma indicate PTSD. Reason correctly explains assertion.
1️⃣1️⃣ GAS Stages
Answer: C
Alarm stage comes before exhaustion (true).
But resistance stage is not the final stage (false). Exhaustion is final.
1️⃣2️⃣ Denial
Answer: A
Refusing to accept failure is denial. Denial means refusing reality. Both true and linked.
1️⃣3️⃣ CBT
Answer: C
CBT focuses on thought restructuring (true).
But CBT does not ignore behaviour (false). It works on both thoughts and behaviour.
1️⃣4️⃣ Group Polarization
Answer: A
Group decision becoming extreme is polarization. Discussion strengthens dominant views, explaining the concept.
1️⃣5️⃣ Conformity
Answer: A
Adjusting behaviour to group norms is conformity. Reason correctly explains it.
1️⃣6️⃣ Prejudice
Answer: C
Prejudice is an attitude (true).
Behavioural action is discrimination, not prejudice (reason false).
1️⃣7️⃣ Four D’s
Answer: A
Distress and dysfunction relate to abnormality criteria. Four D’s define abnormal behaviour. Correct explanation.
1️⃣8️⃣ Hallucination
Answer: A
Hearing voices without stimulus is hallucination. Reason correctly defines hallucination.
1️⃣9️⃣ Stress & Immunity
Answer: A
Chronic stress weakens immunity.
Stress increases cortisol, which suppresses immune function. Correct explanation.
2️⃣0️⃣ Balance Theory
Answer: A
Feeling uncomfortable due to inconsistent likes reflects imbalance. Balance theory explains need for cognitive consistency.
🔥 MOST REPEATED & TRENDING TOPICS (PYQs)
🧠 1️⃣ Intelligence – Long & Short Answers Trend
🔁 Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
(2021, 2023, 2024)
Very frequent 3–5 mark question.
Analytical, Creative & Practical intelligence repeatedly asked.
🔁 Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
Most repeated 5-mark question.
Almost every alternate year.
🔁 Relationship between Creativity & Intelligence
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
Asked as 5-mark alternative question multiple times.
🔁 Aptitude vs Interest (Difference)
(2023, 2024, 2025)
Repeated 2-mark comparison.
👤 2️⃣ Personality – High Probability Zone
🔁 Big Five Personality Traits
(2021, 2024, 2025)
Repeated short answer.
🔁 Freud’s Structure of Personality (Id, Ego, Superego)
(2021, 2023)
Theory-based short explanation repeatedly asked.
🔁 Defence Mechanisms (Repression, Projection, Denial)
(2021, 2023, 2024)
Frequently asked in short answers.
🔁 Type A & Type B Personality
(2021, 2024)
Repeated comparison type question.
😰 3️⃣ Stress & Coping – VERY HOT TREND 🔥
🔁 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
(2021, 2024, 2025)
High repetition 3-mark question.
🔁 Effects of Stress on Health
(2023, 2024, 2025)
Repeated short answer.
🔁 Stress Management Techniques
(2021, 2023, 2024)
Very common 2–3 mark question.
🔁 Eustress vs Distress
(2021, 2024)
Repeated conceptual differentiation.
🧩 4️⃣ Psychological Disorders – Strong Repetition
🔁 Four D’s of Abnormality
(2021, 2025)
Repeated definition-based concept.
🔁 Classification of Psychological Disorders
(2021, 2023)
Major 5-mark theory question.
🔁 Anxiety Disorders (Phobia, OCD, Panic)
(2021, 2023, 2025)
Frequently asked short answer.
🔁 Bipolar Disorder
(2021, 2024, 2025)
Repeated conceptual question.
🔁 Hallucination vs Delusion
(2023, 2025)
Common 2-mark concept.
🔁 PTSD
(2023, 2025)
Repeated short explanation.
🛋 5️⃣ Therapeutic Approaches – MOST CONSISTENT SECTION
🔁 Approaches to Psychotherapy
(2021, 2023)
Very common 5-mark question.
🔁 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
(2023, 2025)
Repeated 3-mark question.
🔁 Client-Centred Therapy (Rogers)
(2024, 2025)
Frequently appearing short question.
🔁 Ethics in Psychotherapy
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
One of the MOST repeated short answer topics.
🔁 Systematic Desensitization
(2024, 2025)
Repeated therapy technique question.
👥 6️⃣ Attitude & Social Cognition – HIGHLY REPEATED
🔁 Components of Attitude (ABC Model)
(2024, 2025)
Repeated 2-mark conceptual question.
🔁 Cognitive Dissonance Theory
(2021, 2023)
Repeated theory-based question.
🔁 Balance Theory (Heider)
(2023, 2024)
Repeated conceptual question.
🔁 Prejudice & Discrimination
(2023, 2025)
Repeated short answers.
👨👩👧👦 7️⃣ Social Influence & Group Processes – VERY HOT 🔥
🔁 Tuckman’s Stages of Group Development
(2024, 2025)
Repeated 3-mark question.
🔁 Social Loafing
(2023, 2024, 2025)
Highly repeated.
🔁 Conformity, Compliance, Obedience
(2021, 2023, 2025)
Repeated theory questions.
🔁 In-group & Out-group
(2023, 2024)
Repeated conceptual explanation.
🔁 Pro-social Behaviour
(2023, 2025)
Repeated short answer.
🎯 MOST DANGEROUSLY REPEATED (2026 HIGH PROBABILITY)
These have appeared 3+ times:
🔥 Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence
🔥 Creativity & Intelligence
🔥 Ethics in Psychotherapy
🔥 Stress Effects & Management
🔥 Social Loafing
🔥 CBT
🔥 Anxiety Disorders
🔥 GAS (Hans Selye)
📊 TREND SUMMARY (2021–2025)
-
Intelligence & Creativity always present in long answers
-
Stress & Coping increasing trend
-
Social Psychology questions rising in frequency
-
Therapy & Ethics almost fixed section
-
Direct theory-based structured answers preferred
🧠 UNIT 1 – INTELLIGENCE & CREATIVITY
✅ 1. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (3–5 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024)
🔹 3 Marks Answer:
Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
It includes three types:
-
Analytical Intelligence – Ability to solve academic problems.
-
Creative Intelligence – Ability to deal with novel situations.
-
Practical Intelligence – Ability to handle everyday life problems.
🔹 5 Marks Answer:
Sternberg proposed that intelligence is not a single ability but consists of three components:
-
Analytical Intelligence – Used in reasoning, evaluating and solving logical problems.
-
Creative Intelligence – Helps in generating new ideas and handling unfamiliar tasks.
-
Practical Intelligence – Also called “street smartness”, used in real-life adaptation.
This theory explains intelligence beyond IQ and emphasizes practical success.
✅ 2. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
Howard Gardner proposed that intelligence is not single but multiple.
He identified 8 types:
-
Linguistic
-
Logical-Mathematical
-
Spatial
-
Musical
-
Bodily-Kinesthetic
-
Interpersonal
-
Intrapersonal
-
Naturalistic
Each individual has a unique combination of these intelligences.
✅ 3. Relationship Between Creativity & Intelligence (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
Creativity and intelligence are related but not identical.
-
Intelligence helps in problem solving.
-
Creativity involves originality and flexibility.
-
Divergent thinking is essential for creativity.
-
Threshold theory states that a certain level of intelligence is necessary for creativity, but high IQ alone does not guarantee creativity.
✅ 4. Aptitude vs Interest (2 Marks)
(2023, 2024, 2025)
| Aptitude | Interest |
|---|---|
| Potential ability | Liking for activity |
| Skill-based | Emotion-based |
| Measured by tests | Measured by preference |
👤 UNIT 2 – PERSONALITY
✅ 5. Big Five Personality Traits (3 Marks)
(2021, 2024, 2025)
The Big Five model includes:
-
Openness
-
Conscientiousness
-
Extraversion
-
Agreeableness
-
Neuroticism
It is also called OCEAN model.
✅ 6. Freud’s Structure of Personality (3–5 Marks)
(2021, 2023)
🔹 3 Marks:
Freud proposed three structures:
-
Id – Pleasure principle
-
Ego – Reality principle
-
Superego – Moral values
🔹 5 Marks:
According to Freud:
-
Id is unconscious and seeks immediate gratification.
-
Ego balances id and reality.
-
Superego represents internalized moral standards.
These three interact to shape personality.
✅ 7. Defence Mechanisms (3 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024)
Defence mechanisms reduce anxiety.
Examples:
-
Repression – Blocking painful thoughts.
-
Projection – Blaming others.
-
Denial – Refusing reality.
✅ 8. Type A vs Type B Personality (3 Marks)
(2021, 2024)
| Type A | Type B |
|---|---|
| Competitive | Relaxed |
| Impatient | Calm |
| High stress | Low stress |
😰 UNIT 3 – STRESS & COPING
✅ 9. General Adaptation Syndrome (3–5 Marks)
(2021, 2024, 2025)
🔹 3 Marks:
Hans Selye proposed GAS.
It includes:
-
Alarm
-
Resistance
-
Exhaustion
🔹 5 Marks:
-
Alarm stage: Body prepares for fight or flight.
-
Resistance stage: Body tries to cope.
-
Exhaustion stage: Energy depleted, illness may occur.
✅ 10. Effects of Stress on Health (3 Marks)
(2023, 2024, 2025)
-
Weak immunity
-
High blood pressure
-
Headache
-
Anxiety
-
Sleep disturbance
✅ 11. Stress Management Techniques (3 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024)
-
Meditation
-
Yoga
-
Time management
-
Exercise
-
Social support
✅ 12. Eustress vs Distress (2 Marks)
(2021, 2024)
| Eustress | Distress |
|---|---|
| Positive stress | Negative stress |
| Motivates | Causes anxiety |
🧩 UNIT 4 – PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
✅ 13. Four D’s of Abnormality (3 Marks)
(2021, 2025)
-
Deviance
-
Distress
-
Dysfunction
-
Danger
✅ 14. Classification of Psychological Disorders (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023)
Major categories:
-
Anxiety disorders
-
Mood disorders
-
Schizophrenia
-
Personality disorders
-
Substance use disorders
Classification helps diagnosis and treatment.
✅ 15. Anxiety Disorders (3 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2025)
-
Phobia
-
Panic Disorder
-
OCD
-
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
✅ 16. Bipolar Disorder (3 Marks)
(2021, 2024, 2025)
Mood disorder involving:
-
Mania (high energy)
-
Depression (low mood)
✅ 17. Hallucination vs Delusion (2 Marks)
(2023, 2025)
| Hallucination | Delusion |
|---|---|
| False perception | False belief |
| Seeing/hearing without stimulus | Firm false idea |
✅ 18. PTSD (3 Marks)
(2023, 2025)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs after trauma.
Symptoms:
-
Flashbacks
-
Nightmares
-
Hyperarousal
-
Avoidance behaviour
🛋 UNIT 5 – THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
✅ 19. Approaches to Psychotherapy (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023)
-
Psychodynamic therapy
-
Behaviour therapy
-
Cognitive therapy
-
Humanistic therapy
Each focuses on different aspects of behaviour change.
✅ 20. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (3 Marks)
(2023, 2025)
CBT combines cognitive and behavioural methods.
It changes negative thinking patterns and behaviour.
✅ 21. Client-Centred Therapy (3 Marks)
(2024, 2025)
Developed by Carl Rogers.
Focuses on:
-
Empathy
-
Unconditional positive regard
-
Genuineness
✅ 22. Ethics in Psychotherapy (3 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
-
Confidentiality
-
Informed consent
-
Professional competence
-
Respect for client dignity
✅ 23. Systematic Desensitization (3 Marks)
(2024, 2025)
A behavioural technique to treat phobia through gradual exposure and relaxation training.
👥 UNIT 6 – ATTITUDE & SOCIAL COGNITION
✅ 24. Components of Attitude (3 Marks)
(2024, 2025)
-
Cognitive (beliefs)
-
Affective (feelings)
-
Behavioural (action tendency)
✅ 25. Cognitive Dissonance Theory (3–5 Marks)
(2021, 2023)
Leon Festinger proposed that inconsistency between beliefs and behaviour causes psychological discomfort, leading to attitude change.
✅ 26. Balance Theory (3 Marks)
(2023, 2024)
Proposed by Fritz Heider.
People prefer balanced relationships between person, others and objects.
✅ 27. Prejudice & Discrimination (3 Marks)
(2023, 2025)
Prejudice – Negative attitude toward group.
Discrimination – Negative behaviour toward group.
👨👩👧👦 UNIT 7 – GROUP PROCESSES
✅ 28. Tuckman’s Stages (3 Marks)
(2024, 2025)
-
Forming
-
Storming
-
Norming
-
Performing
✅ 29. Social Loafing (3 Marks)
(2023, 2024, 2025)
Reduced individual effort when working in group.
✅ 30. Conformity, Compliance, Obedience (5 Marks)
(2021, 2023, 2025)
-
Conformity – Adjusting to group norms.
-
Compliance – Agreeing to request.
-
Obedience – Following authority orders.
📘 HBSE Class 12 Psychology – FINAL 2026 SURE SHOT QUESTION BANK
✔ Based on 2021–2025 Trend Analysis
✔ High Repetition + Concept Weightage
✔ Structured According to Marks
✔ No 1-mark questions included
🎯 SECTION A – 2 MARKS (VERY HIGH PROBABILITY)
-
Differentiate between Aptitude and Interest.
-
Differentiate between Eustress and Distress.
-
Differentiate between Hallucination and Delusion.
-
Define Self-esteem and Self-efficacy.
-
Define Prejudice and Discrimination.
-
Define Social Loafing.
-
Define Conformity and Compliance.
-
What are the Four D’s of Abnormality?
-
Define PTSD with two symptoms.
-
Define Burnout.
🔥 SECTION B – 3 MARKS (MOST REPEATED ZONE)
-
Explain Big Five Personality Traits.
-
Explain Freud’s structure of personality.
-
Explain defence mechanisms with examples.
-
Explain General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
-
Explain effects of stress on health.
-
Explain stress management techniques.
-
Explain Anxiety Disorders with examples.
-
Explain Bipolar Disorder.
-
Explain Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT).
-
Explain Client-Centred Therapy.
-
Explain Ethics in Psychotherapy.
-
Explain Systematic Desensitization.
-
Explain components of attitude (ABC model).
-
Explain Balance Theory.
-
Explain Tuckman’s stages of group development.
-
Explain Social Loafing and how to reduce it.
-
Explain Pro-social behaviour.
-
Explain Emotional Intelligence and its components.
💯 SECTION C – 5 MARKS (EXTREMELY IMPORTANT)
-
Explain Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
-
Explain Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory.
-
Explain relationship between Creativity and Intelligence.
-
Explain classification of Psychological Disorders.
-
Explain different approaches to Psychotherapy.
-
Explain Cognitive Dissonance Theory.
-
Explain Conformity, Compliance and Obedience.
-
Explain Stress and its types with coping strategies.
-
Explain Personality assessment methods.
-
Explain causes and treatment of Anxiety Disorders.
🚨 ULTRA-HIGH PROBABILITY (Appeared 3+ Times)
🔥 Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence
🔥 Creativity & Intelligence
🔥 Ethics in Psychotherapy
🔥 Stress Effects & GAS
🔥 Social Loafing
🔥 CBT
🔥 Anxiety Disorders
🔥 Tuckman’s Stages
🎯 2026 PREDICTION STRATEGY
If students prepare:
✔ All 5-mark questions thoroughly
✔ 10–12 strong 3-mark answers
✔ Clear definitions for 2-mark
They can easily cover 70–80% of expected paper pattern.




