🔥 Class 12 Business Studies 2026 Complete Master Revision PDF
🔥 100 Ultra Rapid Revision One-Liners
📘 UNIT 1: Nature & Significance of Management (1–10)
-
Management = Getting work done through others.
👉 प्रबंधन का अर्थ है दूसरों से कार्य करवाकर संगठन के लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करना। -
Management is goal oriented.
👉 प्रबंधन का हर कार्य संगठन के निश्चित लक्ष्यों की ओर होता है। -
Efficiency = Doing things right.
👉 न्यूनतम लागत और समय में कार्य को सही ढंग से करना दक्षता है। -
Effectiveness = Doing right things.
👉 सही लक्ष्य चुनकर उसे प्राप्त करना प्रभावशीलता है। -
Efficiency + Effectiveness = Success.
👉 सफलता के लिए दोनों आवश्यक हैं। -
Management is continuous process.
👉 यह एक निरंतर चलने वाली प्रक्रिया है। -
Management is pervasive (all levels).
👉 यह सभी स्तरों (Top, Middle, Lower) पर लागू होता है। -
Coordination is essence of management.
👉 समन्वय प्रबंधन का सार है। -
Five Functions: Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Controlling.
👉 प्रबंधन के पाँच मुख्य कार्य। -
Planning precedes controlling.
👉 बिना योजना के नियंत्रण संभव नहीं है।
📘 UNIT 2: Principles of Management (11–20)
-
Taylor gave Scientific Management.
👉 एफ.डब्ल्यू. टेलर ने वैज्ञानिक प्रबंधन का सिद्धांत दिया। -
Science not rule of thumb.
👉 अनुमान की जगह वैज्ञानिक विधि अपनानी चाहिए। -
Harmony not discord.
👉 प्रबंधन और श्रमिकों में सहयोग होना चाहिए। -
Functional foremanship divides supervision.
👉 पर्यवेक्षण को विभिन्न विशेषज्ञों में बाँटा जाता है। -
Fayol gave 14 principles.
👉 हेनरी फेयोल ने 14 प्रशासनिक सिद्धांत दिए। -
Division of Work increases efficiency.
👉 कार्य विभाजन से दक्षता बढ़ती है। -
Unity of Command = One boss.
👉 एक कर्मचारी को एक ही अधिकारी से आदेश मिलना चाहिए। -
Unity of Direction = One plan.
👉 एक उद्देश्य के लिए एक ही योजना होनी चाहिए। -
Authority & Responsibility go together.
👉 अधिकार और दायित्व साथ-साथ होने चाहिए। -
Esprit de Corps = Team spirit.
👉 टीम भावना संगठन को मजबूत बनाती है।
📘 UNIT 3: Business Environment (21–30)
-
Business environment = External forces.
👉 व्यवसाय को प्रभावित करने वाले बाहरी कारक। -
It is dynamic and uncertain.
👉 यह बदलता रहता है और अनिश्चित होता है। -
Economic environment affects purchasing power.
👉 आर्थिक स्थिति ग्राहकों की क्रय शक्ति को प्रभावित करती है। -
Political environment includes government policies.
👉 सरकारी नीतियाँ व्यवसाय को प्रभावित करती हैं। -
Technological environment affects production.
👉 नई तकनीक उत्पादन प्रक्रिया को प्रभावित करती है। -
Environment helps identify opportunities.
👉 व्यवसायिक अवसरों की पहचान करने में सहायक। -
Liberalisation reduces government control.
👉 उदारीकरण से सरकारी नियंत्रण कम होता है। -
Privatisation increases private sector role.
👉 निजी क्षेत्र की भागीदारी बढ़ती है। -
Globalisation connects global markets.
👉 वैश्वीकरण से विश्व बाजार जुड़ते हैं। -
Environmental scanning is essential.
👉 वातावरण का विश्लेषण आवश्यक है।
📘 UNIT 4: Planning (31–40)
-
Planning means deciding in advance.
👉 पहले से निर्णय लेना कि क्या और कैसे करना है। -
Planning reduces uncertainty.
👉 भविष्य की अनिश्चितता कम होती है। -
Planning provides direction.
👉 कर्मचारियों को स्पष्ट दिशा मिलती है। -
Planning reduces overlapping.
👉 कार्यों की पुनरावृत्ति कम होती है। -
Steps: Objectives → Premises → Alternatives → Selection → Implementation.
👉 नियोजन की प्रमुख अवस्थाएँ। -
Policy gives general guidelines.
👉 नीति निर्णय लेने की सामान्य दिशा देती है। -
Procedure gives sequence of actions.
👉 प्रक्रिया कार्यों का क्रम बताती है। -
Rule specifies what must or must not be done.
👉 नियम बताता है क्या करना है या नहीं। -
Budget is financial plan.
👉 बजट आय-व्यय का अनुमान है। -
Planning promotes innovation.
👉 नए विचारों को बढ़ावा देता है।
📘 UNIT 5: Organising (41–50)
-
Organising means arranging resources systematically.
👉 संगठन में कार्यों और संसाधनों को व्यवस्थित करना ही आयोजन है। -
Delegation has three elements: Authority, Responsibility, Accountability.
👉 अधिकार, दायित्व और जवाबदेही — ये तीनों मिलकर प्रत्यायोजन बनाते हैं। -
Authority flows downward.
👉 अधिकार ऊपर से नीचे की ओर दिया जाता है। -
Responsibility flows upward.
👉 दायित्व अधीनस्थ से उच्च अधिकारी की ओर उत्तरदायी होता है। -
Delegation reduces workload of superior.
👉 प्रत्यायोजन से वरिष्ठ का कार्यभार कम होता है। -
Decentralisation means dispersal of authority at all levels.
👉 विकेंद्रीकरण में अधिकार विभिन्न स्तरों पर बाँटे जाते हैं। -
Functional structure is based on functions like production, marketing.
👉 कार्य के आधार पर विभाग बनाए जाते हैं। -
Divisional structure is based on product or region.
👉 उत्पाद या क्षेत्र के आधार पर विभाग बनाए जाते हैं। -
Formal organisation has clearly defined authority and responsibility.
👉 औपचारिक संगठन में अधिकार और दायित्व स्पष्ट होते हैं। -
Informal organisation develops automatically from social relations.
👉 अनौपचारिक संगठन सामाजिक संबंधों से स्वतः बनता है।
📘 UNIT 6: Staffing (51–60)
-
Staffing is filling and keeping positions in organisation.
👉 संगठन में पदों को भरना और बनाए रखना स्टाफिंग है। -
Recruitment creates a pool of applicants.
👉 भर्ती संभावित उम्मीदवारों का समूह तैयार करती है। -
Selection chooses the best candidate.
👉 चयन प्रक्रिया में सर्वोत्तम उम्मीदवार चुना जाता है। -
Selection is a negative process.
👉 इसमें अनुपयुक्त उम्मीदवारों को हटाया जाता है। -
Training improves skills and productivity.
👉 प्रशिक्षण से कार्यकुशलता और उत्पादन बढ़ता है। -
Development prepares employees for future responsibilities.
👉 विकास भविष्य की जिम्मेदारियों के लिए तैयारी है। -
Internal recruitment motivates employees.
👉 आंतरिक पदोन्नति से कर्मचारियों का मनोबल बढ़ता है। -
External recruitment brings fresh talent.
👉 बाहरी भर्ती से नए विचार और प्रतिभा आती है। -
Right person at right job increases efficiency.
👉 सही व्यक्ति को सही कार्य देने से दक्षता बढ़ती है। -
Training reduces accidents and wastage.
👉 प्रशिक्षण से दुर्घटनाएँ और संसाधनों की बर्बादी कम होती है।
📘 UNIT 7: Directing (61–70)
-
Directing initiates action in organisation.
👉 निर्देशन से वास्तविक कार्य प्रारंभ होता है। -
Directing includes Supervision, Motivation, Leadership and Communication.
👉 निर्देशन के चार मुख्य तत्व हैं। -
Motivation increases morale of employees.
👉 प्रेरणा से कर्मचारियों का मनोबल बढ़ता है। -
Maslow’s hierarchy consists of five levels of needs.
👉 मास्लो ने आवश्यकताओं के पाँच स्तर बताए। -
Leadership influences behaviour of others.
👉 नेतृत्व दूसरों के व्यवहार को प्रभावित करता है। -
Communication is a two-way process.
👉 संचार में संदेश और प्रतिक्रिया दोनों आवश्यक हैं। -
Feedback completes communication process.
👉 प्रतिक्रिया मिलने से संचार पूर्ण होता है। -
Semantic barriers arise due to language problems.
👉 शब्दों की गलत समझ से अर्थ भ्रम पैदा होता है। -
Financial incentives include salary, bonus, commission.
👉 धन संबंधी प्रोत्साहन कर्मचारियों को प्रेरित करते हैं। -
Non-financial incentives include recognition and promotion.
👉 प्रशंसा और पदोन्नति भी प्रेरणा के साधन हैं।
📘 UNIT 8: Controlling (71–80)
-
Controlling ensures that organisational goals are achieved.
👉 नियंत्रण से लक्ष्य प्राप्ति सुनिश्चित होती है। -
Steps: Set standards → Measure → Compare → Corrective action.
👉 नियंत्रण की चार मुख्य अवस्थाएँ। -
Planning and controlling are interdependent.
👉 दोनों कार्य एक-दूसरे पर निर्भर हैं। -
Controlling is forward looking.
👉 यह भविष्य की त्रुटियों को रोकने में सहायक है। -
Deviation analysis identifies differences.
👉 मानक और वास्तविक प्रदर्शन के अंतर को पहचानता है। -
Management by exception focuses on major deviations.
👉 केवल महत्वपूर्ण विचलनों पर ध्यान दिया जाता है। -
Budgetary control is an important technique of control.
👉 बजट के माध्यम से नियंत्रण किया जाता है। -
Break-even point means no profit no loss.
👉 जहाँ लाभ और हानि दोनों शून्य हों। -
Controlling improves future planning.
👉 नियंत्रण से भविष्य की योजना बेहतर होती है। -
Controlling is a continuous process.
👉 यह निरंतर चलने वाली प्रक्रिया है।
📘 UNIT 9: Financial Management (81–90)
-
Wealth maximisation is main objective of financial management.
👉 शेयरधारकों की संपत्ति बढ़ाना मुख्य उद्देश्य है। -
Investment decision relates to long-term assets.
👉 मशीन, भवन आदि में निवेश का निर्णय। -
Financing decision relates to choice of sources of funds.
👉 धन कहाँ से प्राप्त करना है इसका निर्णय। -
Dividend decision relates to distribution of profit.
👉 लाभ का कितना भाग बाँटना है। -
Capital structure means proportion of debt and equity.
👉 ऋण और इक्विटी का अनुपात। -
Working capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities.
👉 चालू पूंजी का सूत्र। -
Fixed capital is required for long-term assets.
👉 स्थायी संपत्तियों के लिए आवश्यक पूंजी। -
High debt increases financial risk.
👉 अधिक ऋण से जोखिम बढ़ता है। -
Retained earnings are internal source of finance.
👉 संचित लाभ आंतरिक वित्त का स्रोत है। -
SEBI regulates the capital market in India.
👉 सेबी पूंजी बाजार को नियंत्रित करता है।
📘 UNIT 10 & 11: Marketing & Consumer Protection (91–100)
-
Marketing starts with identification of customer needs.
👉 विपणन ग्राहक की आवश्यकता से शुरू होता है। -
Marketing mix consists of 4Ps – Product, Price, Place, Promotion.
👉 विपणन मिश्रण के चार तत्व। -
Product includes branding and packaging.
👉 उत्पाद में नाम और पैकेजिंग शामिल हैं। -
Price is the only revenue generating element.
👉 मूल्य ही आय उत्पन्न करता है। -
Advertising is non-personal paid communication.
👉 विज्ञापन जनसंचार माध्यम से होता है। -
Sales promotion provides short-term incentives.
👉 छूट, कूपन आदि अस्थायी प्रोत्साहन। -
Personal selling is face-to-face communication.
👉 विक्रेता और ग्राहक आमने-सामने। -
Consumer Protection Act 2019 protects consumers.
👉 यह कानून उपभोक्ताओं को शोषण से बचाता है। -
Consumer rights include Safety, Information, Choice, Redressal, Education.
👉 उपभोक्ताओं के पाँच मुख्य अधिकार। -
Consumer courts are District, State and National Commissions.
👉 तीन स्तर की उपभोक्ता अदालतें होती हैं।
🎯 FINAL MESSAGE FOR STUDENTS
अगर विद्यार्थी ये 1–100 Points revise कर लें:
✅ पूरा सिलेबस कवर
✅ MCQ + Assertion Reason Ready
✅ 3 Marker + 6 Marker Ready
✅ 70–80 Marks Target
CLASS 12 BUSINES STUDIES PYQS (2021, 2023, 2024, 2025) के पूरे हल!
✅ BUSINESS STUDIES 2021
✅ OBJECTIVE ANSWERS (1–40)
-
(D) Collective
-
True
-
(B) A Process
-
(D) None of these
-
(C) Third
-
(B) Two
-
(D) None of these
-
(C) Top level managers
-
(C) F.W. Taylor
-
(D) Mental change
-
(B) Mining Engineer
-
(C) Mechanical Engineer
-
(C) Product
-
(A) Flexible
-
(C) Planning
-
(A) First
-
(B) Continuous
-
True
-
(A) Two
-
(C) Both A & B
-
(B) Informal
-
(C) Span of Management
-
(C) Informal Organization
-
(A) Narrow form of delegation
-
(C) Direction
-
(D) Above all
-
Continuous
-
(D) All of the above
-
(C) Both A & B
-
(A) Bonus
-
Ability to get work done through others
-
(C) Written & Verbal
-
(C) Communication
-
(D) All of the above
-
(A) Furniture
-
(B) Brand Name
-
(B) Primary packaging
-
Marketing
-
(A) Net Working Capital
-
Critical Path Method
✅ BUSINESS STUDIES 2023
✅ LONG ANSWERS
Q1 Delegation of Authority
Meaning: Superior assigns authority to subordinate.
Six Advantages:
-
Reduces workload
-
Develops managers
-
Quick decision
-
Motivation
-
Effective supervision
-
Growth of organisation
Q2 Training
Meaning: Systematic development of skills.
Six Features:
-
Planned process
-
Improves efficiency
-
Continuous
-
Job oriented
-
Reduces accidents
-
Improves morale
Q3 Sales Promotion
Meaning: Short-term incentives to boost sales.
Six Tools:
-
Discount
-
Coupons
-
Free samples
-
Contests
-
Rebates
-
Premium offers
✅ SHORT ANSWERS (Examples)
Q6 Steps in Controlling
-
Setting standards
-
Measuring performance
-
Comparing
-
Corrective action
Q7 Roles of Finance Manager
-
Investment decision
-
Financing decision
-
Dividend decision
-
Liquidity management
Q8 Capital Market vs Money Market
| Capital Market | Money Market |
|---|---|
| Long term | Short term |
| Shares/Debentures | T-Bills |
| High risk | Low risk |
| Regulated by SEBI | RBI |
✅ OBJECTIVES (24–33)
-
(A) One year
-
(A) Medical Council of India
-
(B) Interpreting Policies
-
(C) Time & Cost Clerk
-
(C) Strategy
-
(B) Reliance Industries
-
(D) Flow of capital
-
(A) Less
-
(C) Women
-
(C) Enterprise
✅ BUSINESS STUDIES 2024
✅ OBJECTIVE ANSWERS
-
(A) 12,000
-
(C) Technological
-
(A) Marketing Concept
-
(A) Rules
-
(C) Third
-
(A) Uncertainty
-
(C) 1,50,000
-
(B) Selection Test
-
(D) Both false
-
(A) Both correct & explanation
-
Three
-
Hallmark
-
Top level
-
Debentures
-
1 crore
-
Science
-
8 November
-
True
-
False
-
True
✅ LONG ANSWERS
Q31 Recruitment Sources
Internal:
-
Promotion
-
Transfer
-
Internal advertisement
External:
-
Campus recruitment
-
Advertisement
-
Employment exchange
Q32 Marketing Mix (4P’s)
-
Product
-
Price
-
Place
-
Promotion
Q33 Importance of Planning
-
Direction
-
Reduces uncertainty
-
Coordination
-
Improves efficiency
-
Controls waste
-
Facilitates decision making
✅ BUSINESS STUDIES 2025
✅ OBJECTIVE ANSWERS
-
(A) What a Manager does
-
(B) Art
-
(C) Staffing, Directing & Controlling
-
(B) Soft
-
(A) Formal
-
(D) Division of Labour
-
(D) All of the above
-
(D) Last
-
(C) Both A & B
-
(C) To pay for daily work
-
(D) Long term investment
-
(B) Brand Name
-
(D) Seller of goods
-
(C) Both A & B
-
(A) Disregard for social values
-
Direct contact with customer
-
Discount
-
Indian Standards Institute
-
(C) A true R false
-
(C) A true R false
✅ SHORT ANSWERS
Q21 Top Level Functions
-
Policy making
-
Strategic decisions
-
Overall control
Q22 Leadership
Meaning: Influencing people to achieve goals.
Features:
-
Continuous
-
Goal oriented
Q24 Importance of Planning
-
Provides direction
-
Reduces risk
-
Coordination
✅ LONG ANSWERS
Q33 Why Management is Essential?
-
Achieves group goals
-
Increases efficiency
-
Creates dynamic organisation
-
Achieves personal objectives
-
Development of society
Q35 Marketing Mix
Meaning: Combination of 4P’s
Elements:
-
Product
-
Price
-
Place
-
Promotion
📊 1️⃣ CHAPTER-WISE REPETITION ANALYSIS (2021–2025)
🔵 PART A – Principles & Functions of Management
| Chapter | 2021 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | Repetition Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nature & Significance of Management | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
| Principles of Management (Taylor/Fayol) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
| Business Environment | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥 HIGH |
| Planning | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
| Organising | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
| Staffing | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
| Directing | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
| Controlling | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
👉 Observation:
Functions of Management हर साल 30–40% पेपर कवर करते हैं।
🔵 PART B – Business Finance & Marketing
| Chapter | 2021 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | Repetition Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Management | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
| Financial Markets | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
| Marketing Management | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
| Consumer Protection | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 🔥🔥🔥🔥 VERY HIGH |
👉 Observation:
Marketing + Finance मिलाकर लगभग 35–40 अंक हर साल।
🎯 2️⃣ MOST REPEATED LONG QUESTIONS (4–6 Marks)
| Topic | 2021 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | Times Asked |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegation of Authority | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 4/4 |
| Recruitment Sources | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 3/4 |
| Marketing Mix | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 4/4 |
| Importance of Planning | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 4/4 |
| Principles of Management | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 4/4 |
| Consumer Rights/Remedies | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 4/4 |
| Factors affecting Working Capital | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 4/4 |
🔥 100% Repeated Core Topics:
-
Planning
-
Delegation
-
Marketing Mix
-
Consumer Protection
-
Financial Decisions
📈 3️⃣ MCQ PATTERN ANALYSIS
✅ हर साल पूछे जाने वाले MCQ Areas:
-
Working Capital formula
-
Hallmark / ISI / Brand Name
-
Recruitment Steps
-
Functions of Management order
-
Maslow hierarchy
-
Financial ratios
-
Advertising objections
-
SEBI functions
👉 MCQ में 60–70% direct NCERT line-based।
📌 4️⃣ ASSERTION–REASON TREND (2024–2025)
-
Financial decisions
-
Sales promotion
-
Consumer rights
-
Controlling
-
Long term investment
👉 2026 में भी A-R 100% आएगा।
🚀 5️⃣ 2026 MOST EXPECTED AREAS (Based on Trend)
🔥 HIGH PROBABILITY 6 MARK QUESTIONS
-
Importance of Planning
-
Delegation – Elements & Importance
-
Marketing Mix
-
Principles of Scientific Management
-
Dividend Decision Factors
-
Consumer Protection – Rights & Remedies
🔥 HIGH PROBABILITY 4 MARK QUESTIONS
-
Differences: Capital Market vs Money Market
-
Barriers to Communication
-
Features of Controlling
-
Sources of Recruitment
-
Objectives of Financial Management
🎯 6️⃣ SAFE SCORE STRATEGY FOR 2026
If student prepares only:
-
Planning
-
Delegation
-
Staffing
-
Financial Decisions
-
Marketing Mix
-
Consumer Protection
👉 They can safely target 60+ marks.
HBSE Class 12 Business Studies 2026 – Most Expected Question Bank (100 Questions)
👉 Hindi + English Mix Answers (Both Medium Helpful)
👉 PYQs Included (2021–2025 Trend Based)
👉 Exam Oriented | Direct NCERT Language
📘 SECTION A – VERY SHORT ANSWER (1–2 Marks)
(1–30 Questions)
1. Management क्या है? What is Management?
Answer:
Management is the process of getting work done through others to achieve organisational goals effectively and efficiently.
प्रबंधन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा दूसरों से कार्य करवाकर संगठन के उद्देश्यों को प्रभावी और कुशल तरीके से प्राप्त किया जाता है।
2. Coordination क्या है?
Coordination is the process of synchronizing different activities of organisation.
समन्वय विभिन्न गतिविधियों को एक दिशा में जोड़ने की प्रक्रिया है।
3. Scientific Management किसने दिया?
F.W. Taylor ने दिया।
4. Fayol के कितने principles हैं?
14 Principles.
5. Planning की परिभाषा लिखो।
Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do.
नियोजन पहले से निर्णय लेना है कि क्या करना है और कैसे करना है।
6. Delegation के तीन तत्व लिखो।
-
Authority
-
Responsibility
-
Accountability
7. Staffing क्या है?
Staffing means filling and keeping positions in organisation.
नियुक्तिकरण संगठन में पदों को भरने की प्रक्रिया है।
8. Recruitment क्या है?
Recruitment is the process of searching prospective employees.
भर्ती संभावित कर्मचारियों की खोज की प्रक्रिया है।
9. Directing के तत्व लिखो।
-
Supervision
-
Motivation
-
Leadership
-
Communication
10. Controlling के प्रथम चरण का नाम?
Setting Standards.
11. Financial Management क्या है?
It is concerned with procurement and proper use of funds.
वित्तीय प्रबंधन धन की प्राप्ति और उसके सही उपयोग से संबंधित है।
12. Working Capital Formula
Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities.
13. ICR Formula
Interest Coverage Ratio = EBIT / Interest.
14. Marketing Mix के 4P’s
Product, Price, Place, Promotion.
15. Consumer Protection Act 2019 कब लागू हुआ?
20 July 2020.
16. Hallmark किसके लिए?
Gold Jewellery.
17. ISI Mark का Full Form?
Indian Standards Institute.
18. SEBI का Full Form?
Securities and Exchange Board of India.
19. Capital Market क्या है?
Long-term funds market.
20. Money Market क्या है?
Short-term funds market.
21. Maslow की Need Hierarchy में Physiological Needs किस स्थान पर आती हैं?
Answer:
Physiological needs come at the first (lowest) level of Maslow’s hierarchy.
मास्लो की आवश्यकता सिद्धांत में शारीरिक आवश्यकताएँ प्रथम स्तर पर आती हैं।
22. ‘Span of Management’ क्या है?
Answer:
It refers to the number of subordinates working under a superior.
एक अधिकारी के अधीन कार्य करने वाले कर्मचारियों की संख्या को प्रबंधन विस्तार कहते हैं।
23. Financial Market का एक कार्य लिखो।
Answer:
Mobilisation of savings.
बचत को निवेश में बदलना।
24. Dividend Decision क्या है?
Answer:
It is a decision regarding how much profit should be distributed as dividend.
लाभ का कितना भाग शेयरधारकों को बाँटना है, इसका निर्णय।
25. ‘Hallmark’ किसके लिए उपयोग होता है?
Answer:
Hallmark is used for Gold Jewellery quality certification.
सोने के आभूषण की शुद्धता प्रमाणित करने के लिए।
26. Marketing क्या है?
Answer:
Marketing is the process of identifying and satisfying customer needs profitably.
विपणन ग्राहकों की आवश्यकताओं की पहचान और संतुष्टि की प्रक्रिया है।
27. ‘Authority’ का अर्थ क्या है?
Answer:
Authority means the right to give orders and take decisions.
अधिकार का अर्थ है आदेश देने और निर्णय लेने का अधिकार।
28. ‘Responsibility’ क्या है?
Answer:
Responsibility means the obligation to perform assigned task.
सौंपे गए कार्य को पूरा करने की बाध्यता।
29. ‘Accountability’ क्या है?
Answer:
Accountability means being answerable for the result of assigned work.
कार्य के परिणाम के लिए उत्तरदायी होना।
30. Money Market का एक उदाहरण लिखो।
Answer:
Treasury Bills (T-Bills).
ट्रेजरी बिल।
📘 SECTION B – SHORT ANSWER (3–4 Marks)
(31–65 Questions)
31. Planning के चार लाभ लिखो। (PYQ Repeated 4 Times)
-
Direction provides
-
Reduces uncertainty
-
Reduces overlapping
-
Facilitates control
32. Delegation क्यों आवश्यक है?
-
Reduces burden
-
Develops managers
-
Motivation
-
Quick decisions
33. Barriers to Communication (Any Four)
-
Semantic barriers
-
Psychological barriers
-
Organisational barriers
-
Personal barriers
34. Recruitment के तीन Internal Sources
-
Promotion
-
Transfer
-
Internal advertisement
35. Recruitment के तीन External Sources
-
Advertisement
-
Campus recruitment
-
Employment exchange
36. Dividend Decision के चार factors
-
Earnings
-
Stability of earnings
-
Cash flow position
-
Growth opportunities
37. Consumer Rights (Any Four)
-
Right to safety
-
Right to information
-
Right to choose
-
Right to seek redressal
38. Financial Market के functions
-
Mobilisation of savings
-
Price determination
-
Liquidity
-
Capital formation
39. Financial Planning क्यों आवश्यक है?
Answer:
-
Ensures availability of funds – धन की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित करता है।
-
Avoids overcapitalisation & undercapitalisation.
-
Helps in proper utilisation of funds.
-
Improves coordination between departments.
40. Objectives of Financial Management लिखिए।
-
Profit maximisation
-
Wealth maximisation (Shareholder value)
-
Proper utilisation of funds
-
Ensures financial discipline
41. Differences between Authority and Responsibility.
| Authority | Responsibility |
|---|---|
| Right to give orders | Duty to perform task |
| Flows downward | Flows upward |
| Delegated | Cannot be delegated fully |
42. Features of Planning.
-
Goal oriented
-
Pervasive
-
Continuous
-
Futuristic
43. Importance of Organising.
-
Clarifies working relationships
-
Avoids duplication
-
Optimum utilisation of resources
-
Facilitates growth
44. Steps in Staffing Process.
-
Manpower planning
-
Recruitment
-
Selection
-
Training
-
Performance appraisal
45. Objectives of Marketing Management.
-
Customer satisfaction
-
Increase sales
-
Market share growth
-
Profit earning
46. Factors Affecting Dividend Decision.
-
Earnings
-
Cash flow position
-
Growth opportunities
-
Stability of earnings
47. Features of Business Environment.
-
Totality of external forces
-
Specific & general forces
-
Dynamic nature
-
Uncertainty
48. Importance of Business Environment.
-
Identifies opportunities
-
Helps in planning
-
Improves performance
-
Avoids threats
49. Differences between Formal & Informal Organisation.
| Formal | Informal |
|---|---|
| Official structure | Social structure |
| Written rules | No written rules |
| Authority based | Relationship based |
50. Meaning of Motivation & Its Importance.
Meaning:
Motivation means stimulating employees to perform better.
प्रेरणा कर्मचारियों को बेहतर कार्य करने के लिए प्रेरित करना है।
Importance:
-
Increases efficiency
-
Improves morale
-
Reduces absenteeism
51. Features of Controlling.
-
Goal oriented
-
Continuous
-
Corrective action
-
Forward looking
52. Differences Between On-the-Job & Off-the-Job Training.
| On-the-Job | Off-the-Job |
|---|---|
| At workplace | Outside workplace |
| Practical learning | Theoretical learning |
| Less costly | Costly |
53. Functions of SEBI.
-
Protect investors
-
Regulate stock exchange
-
Promote fair practices
54. Objectives of Consumer Protection Act.
-
Protect consumers
-
Provide redressal
-
Prevent unfair trade practices
55. Role of Stock Exchange.
-
Provides liquidity
-
Price determination
-
Capital formation
56. Factors Affecting Fixed Capital Requirement.
-
Nature of business
-
Scale of operations
-
Technology
-
Growth prospects
57. Features of Leadership.
-
Continuous process
-
Influencing behaviour
-
Goal oriented
-
Two-way relationship
58. Importance of Directing.
-
Initiates action
-
Integrates efforts
-
Motivates employees
-
Improves efficiency
59. Objectives of Financial Market.
-
Mobilise savings
-
Provide liquidity
-
Facilitate capital formation
60. Consumer Rights (Any Four).
-
Right to safety
-
Right to information
-
Right to choose
-
Right to redressal
61. Functions of Top-Level Management.
-
Policy formulation
-
Strategic planning
-
Overall control
62. Differences Between Capital Market & Money Market.
| Capital Market | Money Market |
|---|---|
| Long term | Short term |
| SEBI | RBI |
| Shares | Treasury bills |
63. Features of Financial Planning.
-
Based on forecasts
-
Linked with business objectives
-
Ensures coordination
-
Flexible
64. Importance of Delegation.
-
Reduces workload
-
Develops managers
-
Motivation
-
Quick decisions
65. Methods of Sales Promotion.
-
Discount
-
Coupons
-
Free samples
-
Rebates
📘 SECTION C – LONG ANSWER (6 Marks)
(66–100 Questions)
66. Importance of Planning (Most Repeated)
-
Provides direction
-
Reduces uncertainty
-
Reduces overlapping
-
Facilitates control
-
Improves decision making
-
Promotes innovation
67. Principles of Scientific Management
-
Science not rule of thumb
-
Harmony not discord
-
Cooperation not individualism
-
Development of workers
68. Marketing Mix Explain
Product: Quality, brand, packaging
Price: Pricing strategy
Place: Channels of distribution
Promotion: Advertising, Sales promotion
69. Factors Affecting Working Capital
-
Nature of business
-
Scale of operations
-
Business cycle
-
Credit policy
-
Inventory cycle
70. Consumer Protection Remedies
-
Removal of defect
-
Replacement
-
Refund
-
Compensation
-
Discontinue unfair trade practice
71. Functions of Management
-
Planning
-
Organising
-
Staffing
-
Directing
-
Controlling
72. Financial Decisions Explain
-
Investment Decision
-
Financing Decision
-
Dividend Decision
(Questions 73–100 continue covering all repeated PYQ topics such as:)
-
Delegation vs Decentralisation
-
Barriers of Communication
-
SEBI Functions
-
Fixed Capital Factors
-
Objectives of Management
-
Differences Capital & Money Market
-
Advertising Merits & Limitations
-
Internal vs External Recruitment
-
On the Job & Off the Job Training
-
Fayol Principles (Unity of Command, Scalar Chain, etc.)
🎯 2026 STRATEGIC NOTE FOR STUDENTS
अगर विद्यार्थी ये 100 प्रश्न अच्छे से तैयार कर लेते हैं तो:
✅ 65–75 Marks Secure
✅ Long Answers Covered
✅ PYQs Covered
✅ Assertion–Reason Ready
📘 SECTION C – LONG ANSWER (6 Marks Continued)
73. Delegation और Decentralisation में अंतर स्पष्ट करें।
Delegation:
Authority is delegated by a superior to subordinate.
अधिकार उच्च अधिकारी द्वारा अधीनस्थ को सौंपा जाता है।
Decentralisation:
Systematic dispersal of authority at all levels.
संगठन के विभिन्न स्तरों पर अधिकारों का वितरण।
Differences:
| Delegation | Decentralisation |
|---|---|
| Individual level | Organisation level |
| Temporary | Permanent policy |
| Reduces burden | Develops initiative |
| Control remains with superior | Wider authority spread |
74. Elements of Delegation Explain करें।
-
Authority – अधिकार देना
-
Responsibility – कार्य सौंपना
-
Accountability – जवाबदेही तय करना
All three must go together.
75. Barriers to Effective Communication Explain करें।
-
Semantic barriers (शब्दों की अस्पष्टता)
-
Psychological barriers (मानसिक स्थिति)
-
Organisational barriers (लंबी चैन)
-
Personal barriers (व्यक्तिगत अंतर)
76. Measures to Overcome Communication Barriers
-
Simple language
-
Proper feedback
-
Active listening
-
Avoid assumptions
-
Proper channel selection
77. Factors Affecting Fixed Capital Requirement
-
Nature of business
-
Scale of operations
-
Technology used
-
Growth prospects
-
Financing alternatives
78. Factors Affecting Working Capital Requirement
-
Business cycle
-
Credit policy
-
Production cycle
-
Inventory turnover
-
Operating efficiency
79. SEBI Functions Explain करें।
-
Protective – Investor protection
-
Regulatory – Regulating stock exchange
-
Developmental – Promote fair practices
80. Objectives of Management
-
Organisational objectives
-
Social objectives
-
Personal objectives
81. Differences Between Capital Market & Money Market
| Capital Market | Money Market |
|---|---|
| Long term | Short term |
| Shares & Debentures | T-Bills |
| SEBI regulates | RBI regulates |
| Higher risk | Lower risk |
82. Merits of Advertising
-
Mass reach
-
Brand building
-
Educates customers
-
Increase sales
83. Limitations of Advertising
-
Costly
-
Misleading claims
-
Creates monopoly
-
Social values affected
84. Internal Sources of Recruitment – Merits & Demerits
Merits:
-
Motivates employees
-
Economical
-
Reliable
Demerits:
-
Limited choice
-
Creates jealousy
-
No new ideas
85. External Sources of Recruitment – Merits & Demerits
Merits:
-
Wider choice
-
Fresh talent
-
Better skills
Demerits:
-
Costly
-
Time consuming
-
Morale affected
86. On-the-Job Training Methods
-
Apprenticeship
-
Internship
-
Coaching
-
Job rotation
87. Off-the-Job Training Methods
-
Lectures
-
Case study
-
Vestibule training
-
Conferences
88. Principles of Management by Fayol (Any Six)
-
Division of Work
-
Authority & Responsibility
-
Discipline
-
Unity of Command
-
Unity of Direction
-
Scalar Chain
89. Explain Unity of Command.
One employee should receive orders from one superior only.
एक कर्मचारी को केवल एक अधिकारी से आदेश मिलना चाहिए।
90. Explain Scalar Chain.
Chain of authority from top to bottom.
शीर्ष से निम्न स्तर तक अधिकार की श्रृंखला।
91. Marketing Concept Explain करें।
Focus on customer satisfaction.
ग्राहक की आवश्यकता को पूरा करना ही मुख्य लक्ष्य है।
92. Selling Concept Explain करें।
Focus on aggressive promotion.
उत्पाद बेचने पर जोर देना।
93. Product Life Cycle Stages
-
Introduction
-
Growth
-
Maturity
-
Decline
94. Financial Planning क्या है?
It is deciding the financial needs of business in advance.
व्यवसाय की वित्तीय आवश्यकताओं का पूर्व निर्धारण।
95. Difference Between Fixed Cost & Variable Cost
| Fixed Cost | Variable Cost |
|---|---|
| Constant | Changes with output |
| Rent | Raw material |
96. Importance of Financial Management
-
Proper utilisation of funds
-
Wealth maximisation
-
Financial discipline
-
Survival of business
97. Consumer Responsibilities (Any Four)
-
Check quality marks
-
Ask for bill
-
Use products properly
-
File complaint if required
98. Methods of Sales Promotion
-
Discount
-
Coupons
-
Free samples
-
Lucky draw
99. Importance of Staffing
-
Right person at right job
-
Improves efficiency
-
Employee development
-
Better morale
100. Why Management is Important?
-
Achieves group goals
-
Increases efficiency
-
Adapts to environment
-
Creates dynamic organisation
-
Develops society
🎯 FINAL STRATEGY FOR 2026
अगर विद्यार्थी ये पूरे 100 प्रश्न तैयार कर लेते हैं:
✅ All repeated PYQs covered
✅ Long answer secured
✅ 70+ Marks Target Possible
✅ MCQ & Assertion-Reason Ready
HBSE Class 12 Business Studies 2026 – 200 MCQs Rapid Fire Set
👉 100 MCQs हिंदी में
👉 100 MCQs English में (Completely Different)
👉 Answers at the End
👉 PYQ Based + 2021–2025 Repetition Trend
📘 PART A – 100 MCQs (HINDI)
🔥 Rapid Fire (1–100)
-
प्रबंधन का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?
A. लाभ कमाना
B. संसाधनों का अपव्यय
C. लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति
D. कर्मचारियों को दंड देना -
समन्वय किसका सार है?
A. विपणन
B. प्रबंधन
C. वित्त
D. लेखांकन -
टेलर किससे संबंधित हैं?
A. प्रशासनिक सिद्धांत
B. वैज्ञानिक प्रबंधन
C. विपणन
D. वित्त -
नियोजन का प्रथम चरण है:
A. कार्यान्वयन
B. लक्ष्य निर्धारण
C. नियंत्रण
D. भर्ती -
अधिकार किसके साथ जुड़ा है?
A. जवाबदेही
B. आदेश देने का अधिकार
C. दायित्व
D. प्रेरणा -
‘Unity of Command’ किसने दिया?
A. टेलर
B. फेयोल
C. मास्लो
D. कोटलर -
निम्न में से कौन सा वित्तीय निर्णय है?
A. भर्ती
B. लाभांश निर्णय
C. प्रशिक्षण
D. नियंत्रण -
Working Capital = ?
A. Fixed Assets – Current Assets
B. Current Assets – Current Liabilities
C. Assets – Liabilities
D. None -
विपणन मिश्रण में कितने P होते हैं?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5 -
उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम 2019 लागू हुआ:
A. 2018
B. 2019
C. 2020
D. 2021 -
नेतृत्व का अर्थ है?
-
नियंत्रण का अंतिम चरण?
-
पूंजी बाजार किससे संबंधित है?
-
मनी मार्केट अल्पकालीन है या दीर्घकालीन?
-
भर्ती का अर्थ?
-
SEBI का पूरा नाम?
-
ISI चिन्ह किसके लिए?
-
Hallmark किसके लिए?
-
वित्तीय प्रबंधन का उद्देश्य?
-
स्टाफिंग का प्रथम चरण?
-
नियोजन की प्रकृति?
-
समन्वय किस स्तर पर आवश्यक है?
-
लाभ अधिकतमकरण किससे जुड़ा है?
-
Scalar Chain किसका सिद्धांत?
-
अनुशासन किस सिद्धांत में आता है?
-
प्रत्यक्ष विपणन क्या है?
-
उपभोक्ता का सुरक्षा अधिकार?
-
नियंत्रण का उद्देश्य?
-
स्थिर पूंजी किसके लिए?
-
परिवर्तनीय लागत उदाहरण?
-
औपचारिक संगठन क्या है?
-
अनौपचारिक संगठन किस पर आधारित है?
-
प्रेरणा का महत्व?
-
बाजार का अर्थ?
-
ब्रांड नाम किसका भाग है?
-
पैकेजिंग किस P में आती है?
-
लाभांश निर्णय किसका भाग?
-
निवेश निर्णय किससे जुड़ा?
-
प्रबंधन एक कला है या विज्ञान?
-
निर्देशन में क्या शामिल है?
📘 हिंदी MCQs (41–100)
-
निर्देशन का मुख्य तत्व क्या है?
A. नियंत्रण
B. प्रेरणा
C. लेखांकन
D. उत्पादन -
संगठन का अर्थ है:
A. लक्ष्य निर्धारण
B. संसाधनों का समूह बनाना
C. वेतन देना
D. प्रचार करना -
पूंजी संरचना से तात्पर्य है:
A. लाभ वितरण
B. धन के स्रोतों का अनुपात
C. भर्ती प्रक्रिया
D. विपणन रणनीति -
‘Discipline’ किस सिद्धांत से संबंधित है?
A. टेलर
B. फेयोल
C. कोटलर
D. मास्लो -
नियंत्रण किस पर आधारित है?
A. भविष्य
B. अतीत
C. मानक
D. अनुमान -
स्टाफिंग का उद्देश्य है:
A. मशीन खरीदना
B. सही व्यक्ति को सही कार्य देना
C. लाभ बढ़ाना
D. मूल्य निर्धारण -
व्यापार पर्यावरण की प्रकृति है:
A. स्थिर
B. गतिशील
C. सरल
D. निश्चित -
‘Harmony not discord’ किसका सिद्धांत है?
A. टेलर
B. फेयोल
C. ड्रकर
D. कोन्ट्ज -
उपभोक्ता का सूचना का अधिकार क्या देता है?
A. सुरक्षा
B. उत्पाद की जानकारी
C. शिकायत
D. मुआवजा -
ब्रांड नाम किसका भाग है?
A. मूल्य
B. स्थान
C. उत्पाद
D. प्रचार
-
वित्तीय बाजार में तरलता कौन प्रदान करता है?
A. बैंक
B. स्टॉक एक्सचेंज
C. सरकार
D. ग्राहक -
Scalar Chain का अर्थ है:
A. वेतन श्रृंखला
B. आदेश की श्रृंखला
C. लागत श्रृंखला
D. उत्पादन श्रृंखला -
प्रशिक्षण का उद्देश्य है:
A. नौकरी समाप्त करना
B. कौशल विकास
C. वेतन घटाना
D. छंटनी -
विपणन की आधुनिक अवधारणा है:
A. उत्पादन
B. बिक्री
C. ग्राहक संतुष्टि
D. लागत -
मनी मार्केट नियंत्रित करता है:
A. SEBI
B. RBI
C. संसद
D. स्टॉक एक्सचेंज -
निवेश निर्णय किससे संबंधित है?
A. दीर्घकालीन संपत्ति
B. वेतन
C. विज्ञापन
D. भर्ती -
नियंत्रण का अंतिम चरण है:
A. मानक निर्धारण
B. प्रदर्शन मापन
C. तुलना
D. सुधारात्मक कार्रवाई -
पैकेजिंग का उद्देश्य है:
A. संरक्षण
B. सजावट
C. पहचान
D. उपरोक्त सभी -
‘Unity of Direction’ का अर्थ है:
A. एक कर्मचारी एक अधिकारी
B. एक योजना एक उद्देश्य
C. समान वेतन
D. समान नियम -
कार्य विभाजन किस सिद्धांत से जुड़ा है?
A. Division of Work
B. Equity
C. Stability
D. Initiative
-
लाभांश निर्णय किसका भाग है?
A. निवेश
B. वित्तीय निर्णय
C. विपणन
D. भर्ती -
उपभोक्ता फोरम का उद्देश्य है:
A. लाभ कमाना
B. न्याय देना
C. प्रशिक्षण
D. विज्ञापन -
‘Span of Management’ से तात्पर्य है:
A. प्रबंधक का वेतन
B. अधीनस्थों की संख्या
C. उत्पादन मात्रा
D. लागत -
नियंत्रण एक ______ प्रक्रिया है।
A. एक बार
B. निरंतर
C. वैकल्पिक
D. सीमित -
व्यवसाय का सामाजिक उद्देश्य है:
A. केवल लाभ
B. समाज की सेवा
C. लागत घटाना
D. वेतन कम करना -
प्रबंधन के कितने कार्य हैं?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6 -
Fixed Capital किसके लिए चाहिए?
A. दैनिक खर्च
B. दीर्घकालीन संपत्ति
C. वेतन
D. विज्ञापन -
विपणन में ‘Place’ का अर्थ है:
A. मूल्य
B. वितरण चैनल
C. पैकेजिंग
D. ब्रांड -
उपभोक्ता का प्रतितोष अधिकार क्या है?
A. सुरक्षा
B. मुआवजा
C. जानकारी
D. चयन -
फेयोल के कितने सिद्धांत हैं?
A. 10
B. 12
C. 14
D. 16
-
नियंत्रण किसे मापता है?
A. योजना
B. प्रदर्शन
C. वेतन
D. लागत -
भर्ती के बाहरी स्रोत का उदाहरण?
A. पदोन्नति
B. स्थानांतरण
C. विज्ञापन
D. आंतरिक सूचना -
प्रबंधन एक ______ है।
A. कला
B. विज्ञान
C. दोनों
D. कोई नहीं -
वित्तीय योजना आधारित होती है:
A. अनुमान
B. संयोग
C. भाग्य
D. अनुमानित पूर्वानुमान -
उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम 2019 का उद्देश्य है:
A. उत्पाद बेचना
B. उपभोक्ता की सुरक्षा
C. लाभ बढ़ाना
D. उत्पादन बढ़ाना -
प्रेरणा का संबंध है:
A. वेतन
B. व्यवहार
C. नियंत्रण
D. लेखांकन -
कार्य निष्पादन का मापन किस चरण में?
A. नियोजन
B. नियंत्रण
C. निर्देशन
D. भर्ती -
विपणन में ‘Promotion’ का अर्थ है:
A. मूल्य निर्धारण
B. प्रचार
C. वितरण
D. पैकेजिंग -
संगठन का प्रकार जो सामाजिक संबंधों पर आधारित है:
A. औपचारिक
B. अनौपचारिक
C. केंद्रीय
D. विकेंद्रीकृत -
Working Capital का दूसरा नाम है:
A. स्थायी पूंजी
B. चालू पूंजी
C. निवेश
D. ऋण
-
SEBI का मुख्य कार्य है:
A. बैंकिंग
B. निवेशकों की सुरक्षा
C. उत्पादन
D. विपणन -
लाभ अधिकतमकरण किसका उद्देश्य है?
A. विपणन
B. वित्तीय प्रबंधन
C. भर्ती
D. नियंत्रण -
‘Equity’ सिद्धांत का अर्थ है:
A. समान व्यवहार
B. लाभ
C. अधिकार
D. वेतन -
‘Initiative’ किसका सिद्धांत है?
A. टेलर
B. फेयोल
C. ड्रकर
D. मास्लो -
पैकेजिंग का कौन सा स्तर उपभोक्ता देखता है?
A. प्राथमिक
B. द्वितीयक
C. परिवहन
D. कोई नहीं -
पूंजी बाजार में कौन से साधन हैं?
A. T-Bills
B. Commercial Paper
C. Shares
D. Cash -
मनुष्य को प्रेरित करने वाला सिद्धांत किसने दिया?
A. टेलर
B. फेयोल
C. मास्लो
D. कोटलर -
निर्देशन का अंतिम परिणाम क्या है?
A. क्रिया
B. योजना
C. वेतन
D. लाभ -
नियंत्रण किसे सुनिश्चित करता है?
A. लक्ष्य प्राप्ति
B. वेतन वृद्धि
C. विज्ञापन
D. भर्ती -
वित्तीय निर्णय कितने प्रकार के हैं?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
-
विपणन का मुख्य लक्ष्य है:
A. उत्पादन
B. ग्राहक संतुष्टि
C. लागत
D. वेतन -
स्थिर लागत का उदाहरण है:
A. कच्चा माल
B. मजदूरी
C. किराया
D. बिजली -
उपभोक्ता का चयन अधिकार क्या देता है?
A. शिकायत
B. विकल्प चुनने की स्वतंत्रता
C. मुआवजा
D. सुरक्षा -
‘Division of Work’ से क्या होता है?
A. अकार्यकुशलता
B. दक्षता
C. हानि
D. विवाद -
वित्तीय प्रबंधन का अंतिम लक्ष्य है:
A. बिक्री
B. लाभ
C. शेयरधारक संपत्ति अधिकतमकरण
D. उत्पादन -
व्यापार पर्यावरण का एक तत्व है:
A. सामाजिक
B. राजनीतिक
C. आर्थिक
D. उपरोक्त सभी -
नियंत्रण और नियोजन का संबंध है:
A. विरोधी
B. पूरक
C. असंबंधित
D. अलग -
नेतृत्व का आधार है:
A. शक्ति
B. प्रभाव
C. वेतन
D. नियम -
भर्ती और चयन में पहला कदम है:
A. साक्षात्कार
B. प्रशिक्षण
C. मानवबल योजना
D. नियुक्ति -
प्रबंधन की सफलता निर्भर करती है:
A. संसाधनों पर
B. समन्वय पर
C. योजना पर
D. उपरोक्त सभी
| Q.No | Ans | Q.No | Ans | Q.No | Ans | Q.No | Ans | Q.No | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | 21 | A | 41 | B | 61 | B | 81 | B |
| 2 | B | 22 | B | 42 | B | 62 | B | 82 | B |
| 3 | B | 23 | B | 43 | B | 63 | B | 83 | A |
| 4 | B | 24 | B | 44 | B | 64 | B | 84 | B |
| 5 | B | 25 | A | 45 | C | 65 | B | 85 | A |
| 6 | B | 26 | Direct contact | 46 | B | 66 | C | 86 | C |
| 7 | B | 27 | Right to safety | 47 | B | 67 | B | 87 | C |
| 8 | B | 28 | लक्ष्य प्राप्ति | 48 | A | 68 | B | 88 | A |
| 9 | C | 29 | दीर्घकालीन संपत्ति | 49 | B | 69 | B | 89 | A |
| 10 | C | 30 | कच्चा माल | 50 | C | 70 | C | 90 | C |
| 11 | प्रभाव डालना | 31 | औपचारिक संगठन | 51 | B | 71 | B | 91 | B |
| 12 | सुधारात्मक कार्रवाई | 32 | सामाजिक संबंध | 52 | B | 72 | C | 92 | C |
| 13 | दीर्घकालीन निधि | 33 | दक्षता बढ़ाना | 53 | B | 73 | C | 93 | B |
| 14 | अल्पकालीन | 34 | विनिमय का स्थान | 54 | C | 74 | D | 94 | B |
| 15 | संभावित कर्मचारियों की खोज | 35 | उत्पाद | 55 | B | 75 | B | 95 | C |
| 16 | Securities and Exchange Board of India | 36 | उत्पाद | 56 | A | 76 | B | 96 | D |
| 17 | औद्योगिक उत्पाद | 37 | वित्तीय निर्णय | 57 | D | 77 | B | 97 | B |
| 18 | सोना | 38 | दीर्घकालीन निवेश | 58 | D | 78 | B | 98 | B |
| 19 | धन का उचित उपयोग | 39 | दोनों | 59 | B | 79 | B | 99 | C |
| 20 | Manpower Planning | 40 | प्रेरणा | 60 | A | 80 | B | 100 |
D
|
100 MCQs (ENGLISH – DIFFERENT SET)
🔥 Rapid Fire (101–200)
-
Management is:
A. A goal
B. A process
C. A machine
D. A product -
Which function comes first?
A. Controlling
B. Planning
C. Directing
D. Staffing -
Who gave 14 principles?
A. Taylor
B. Fayol
C. Drucker
D. Koontz -
Dividend decision relates to:
A. Investment
B. Financing
C. Distribution of profit
D. Recruitment -
Stock Exchange provides:
A. Liquidity
B. Recruitment
C. Production
D. Training -
Which is a long-term source?
A. Trade credit
B. Debentures
C. Bills payable
D. Cash credit -
Consumer right to choose means:
A. Freedom to select
B. Right to complain
C. Right to safety
D. Right to redressal -
Motivation is related to:
A. Planning
B. Staffing
C. Directing
D. Controlling -
Current ratio formula?
A. CA/CL
B. CL/CA
C. EBIT/Interest
D. Assets/Liabilities -
Which is external recruitment source?
A. Promotion
B. Transfer
C. Campus recruitment
D. Internal advertisement -
111. Business Environment includes:
A. Internal forces only
B. External forces only
C. Both internal & external
D. None-
Which is a micro environment factor?
A. Political
B. Social
C. Suppliers
D. Economic -
Planning reduces:
A. Efficiency
B. Uncertainty
C. Profit
D. Authority -
Strategy is related to:
A. Routine decisions
B. Long-term decisions
C. Daily work
D. Recruitment -
Organising involves:
A. Dividing work
B. Setting standards
C. Measuring performance
D. Advertising -
Decentralisation means:
A. Central control
B. Systematic delegation at all levels
C. No authority
D. Informal structure -
Selection process starts with:
A. Interview
B. Training
C. Preliminary screening
D. Placement -
Training improves:
A. Conflict
B. Efficiency
C. Cost
D. Absenteeism -
Supervision ensures:
A. Planning
B. Direct contact with workers
C. Policy making
D. Auditing -
Motivation can be:
A. Financial
B. Non-financial
C. Both
D. None
-
Controlling is:
A. Backward looking only
B. Forward looking only
C. Both backward & forward
D. Not related to planning -
Standard setting is first step of:
A. Staffing
B. Controlling
C. Marketing
D. Organising -
Financial leverage relates to:
A. Use of debt
B. Recruitment
C. Promotion
D. Packaging -
Fixed capital is used for:
A. Day-to-day expenses
B. Long-term assets
C. Salary
D. Advertising -
Working capital is required for:
A. Building
B. Machinery
C. Daily operations
D. Shares -
Primary market deals in:
A. New securities
B. Old securities
C. Treasury bills
D. Cash -
Secondary market is also known as:
A. New issue market
B. Stock exchange
C. Money market
D. Capital market -
SEBI was established in:
A. 1988
B. 1992
C. 1995
D. 2000 -
Marketing is related to:
A. Production only
B. Exchange process
C. Recruitment
D. Planning -
Product mix includes:
A. Width & depth
B. Price
C. Promotion
D. Place
-
Branding helps in:
A. Identification
B. Confusion
C. Loss
D. Cost increase -
Packaging is also called:
A. Silent salesman
B. Loud promotion
C. Recruitment tool
D. Policy -
Advertising is:
A. Personal communication
B. Non-personal communication
C. Direct selling
D. Personal interview -
Sales promotion is:
A. Long-term strategy
B. Short-term incentive
C. Production process
D. Financial decision -
Consumer forum at district level is called:
A. National Commission
B. State Commission
C. District Commission
D. High Court -
Right to safety protects against:
A. Hazardous goods
B. High price
C. Delay
D. Monopoly -
Responsibility flows:
A. Upward
B. Downward
C. Sideways
D. Nowhere -
Authority flows:
A. Upward
B. Downward
C. Horizontal
D. Circular -
Leadership is required at:
A. Top level only
B. Lower level only
C. All levels
D. No level -
Informal organisation is based on:
A. Official structure
B. Social relations
C. Policies
D. Rules
-
Business cycle affects:
A. Working capital
B. Training
C. Leadership
D. Branding -
Trade credit is:
A. Long-term finance
B. Short-term finance
C. Equity
D. Debenture -
Debentures are:
A. Ownership funds
B. Borrowed funds
C. Internal source
D. Informal source -
Equity shareholders are:
A. Creditors
B. Owners
C. Debtors
D. Managers -
Retained earnings are:
A. External source
B. Internal source
C. Borrowed fund
D. Loan -
Dividend is paid to:
A. Managers
B. Employees
C. Shareholders
D. Creditors -
Current assets include:
A. Land
B. Building
C. Stock
D. Machinery -
Which is not a financial decision?
A. Investment
B. Financing
C. Dividend
D. Promotion -
Planning is:
A. One-time activity
B. Continuous
C. Optional
D. Temporary -
Organising creates:
A. Structure
B. Policy
C. Strategy
D. Motivation
-
Staffing ensures:
A. Right person right job
B. Cost increase
C. Delay
D. Conflict -
Communication process starts with:
A. Receiver
B. Sender
C. Feedback
D. Noise -
Feedback makes communication:
A. One-way
B. Two-way
C. Complex
D. Delayed -
Controlling compares performance with:
A. Policies
B. Standards
C. Rules
D. Plans -
Financial planning avoids:
A. Overcapitalisation
B. Profit
C. Efficiency
D. Growth -
Capital structure refers to:
A. Asset mix
B. Debt-equity mix
C. Profit
D. Sales -
Price mix includes:
A. Discount
B. Branding
C. Packaging
D. Channel -
Place mix relates to:
A. Promotion
B. Distribution
C. Price
D. Product -
Consumer protection promotes:
A. Fair trade
B. Monopoly
C. Exploitation
D. Fraud -
National Commission is headed by:
A. District Judge
B. High Court Judge
C. Supreme Court Judge
D. Collector
-
Coordination ensures:
A. Conflict
B. Unity of action
C. Delay
D. Cost -
Management is a:
A. Profession
B. Science
C. Art
D. All of these -
Taylor emphasized:
A. Efficiency
B. Equity
C. Unity
D. Stability -
Fayol focused on:
A. Shop floor
B. Administrative level
C. Marketing
D. Finance -
Planning precedes:
A. Controlling
B. Organising
C. Both
D. None -
Stock exchange provides:
A. Liquidity
B. Recruitment
C. Production
D. Training -
Business ethics means:
A. Profit
B. Moral principles
C. Sales
D. Cost -
Maslow hierarchy ends with:
A. Safety
B. Social
C. Esteem
D. Self-actualisation -
Directing includes:
A. Supervision
B. Motivation
C. Leadership
D. All -
Control is impossible without:
A. Planning
B. Staffing
C. Directing
D. Marketing
-
Promotion mix includes:
A. Advertising
B. Sales promotion
C. Personal selling
D. All -
Personal selling is:
A. Non-personal
B. Mass communication
C. Face-to-face
D. Indirect -
Economic environment affects:
A. Purchasing power
B. Recruitment
C. Packaging
D. Branding -
Political environment includes:
A. Government policy
B. Income
C. Culture
D. Technology -
Technological environment affects:
A. Production method
B. Salary
C. Recruitment
D. Dividend -
Consumer awareness can be increased by:
A. Education
B. Advertisement
C. NGO
D. All -
Responsibility without authority leads to:
A. Efficiency
B. Frustration
C. Motivation
D. Profit -
Delegation reduces:
A. Workload
B. Authority
C. Responsibility
D. Profit -
Control is a:
A. Preventive function
B. Detective function
C. Corrective function
D. All -
Capital market instruments include:
A. Shares
B. Debentures
C. Bonds
D. All
-
Short-term finance is needed for:
A. Machinery
B. Land
C. Working capital
D. Building -
Objectives of management include:
A. Organisational
B. Social
C. Personal
D. All -
Marketing starts with:
A. Production
B. Customer needs
C. Sales
D. Promotion -
Packaging helps in:
A. Protection
B. Identification
C. Convenience
D. All -
Planning bridges gap between:
A. Where we are & where we want to go
B. Profit & loss
C. Sales & cost
D. None -
Organising follows:
A. Planning
B. Staffing
C. Controlling
D. Directing -
Staffing is concerned with:
A. Human resource
B. Machinery
C. Finance
D. Sales -
Leadership influences:
A. Behaviour
B. Policy
C. Capital
D. Assets -
Controlling helps in:
A. Goal achievement
B. Delay
C. Confusion
D. Conflict -
Consumer has right to:
A. Safety
B. Information
C. Redressal
D. All
-
Financing decision decides:
A. Asset mix
B. Source of funds
C. Dividend
D. Promotion -
Dividend decision affects:
A. Retained earnings
B. Capital structure
C. Shareholder satisfaction
D. All -
Recruitment creates:
A. Pool of applicants
B. Final selection
C. Training
D. Promotion -
Selection ends with:
A. Placement
B. Recruitment
C. Planning
D. Training -
Training reduces:
A. Accidents
B. Skill
C. Efficiency
D. Morale -
Supervision is done by:
A. Top level
B. Middle level
C. Lower level
D. Owners -
Communication barrier can be:
A. Semantic
B. Psychological
C. Organisational
D. All -
Consumer courts provide:
A. Compensation
B. Replacement
C. Refund
D. All -
Capital gain arises from:
A. Sale of securities
B. Salary
C. Dividend
D. Rent -
Management integrates:
A. Human
B. Physical
C. Financial resources
D. All
-
| Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 111 | C | 121 | C | 131 | A | 141 | A | 151 | A |
| 112 | C | 122 | B | 132 | A | 142 | B | 152 | B |
| 113 | B | 123 | A | 133 | B | 143 | B | 153 | B |
| 114 | B | 124 | B | 134 | B | 144 | B | 154 | B |
| 115 | A | 125 | C | 135 | C | 145 | B | 155 | A |
| 116 | B | 126 | A | 136 | A | 146 | C | 156 | B |
| 117 | C | 127 | B | 137 | A | 147 | C | 157 | A |
| 118 | B | 128 | B | 138 | B | 148 | D | 158 | B |
| 119 | B | 129 | B | 139 | C | 149 | B | 159 | A |
| 120 | C | 130 | A | 140 | B | 150 | A | 160 | C |
| 161 | B | 171 | D | 181 | C | 191 | B | ||
| 162 | D | 172 | C | 182 | D | 192 | D | ||
| 163 | A | 173 | A | 183 | B | 193 | A | ||
| 164 | B | 174 | A | 184 | D | 194 | A | ||
| 165 | C | 175 | A | 185 | A | 195 | A | ||
| 166 | A | 176 | D | 186 | A | 196 | C | ||
| 167 | B | 177 | B | 187 | A | 197 | D | ||
| 168 | D | 178 | A | 188 | A | 198 | D | ||
| 169 | D | 179 | D | 189 | A | 199 | A | ||
| 170 | A | 180 | D | 190 | D | 200 | D |
🔥 HBSE Class 12 Business Studies – 100 Most Expected Case Studies (2026)
📘 UNIT 1: Nature & Significance of Management (Case 1–8)
Case 1
ABC Ltd. के CEO ने कहा कि सभी विभाग एक ही लक्ष्य की दिशा में कार्य करें। उन्होंने उत्पादन, विपणन और वित्त विभागों की गतिविधियों में तालमेल स्थापित किया।
Identify the concept.
👉 Coordination (Essence of Management)
Case 2
एक प्रबंधक कम लागत में अधिक उत्पादन करता है, लेकिन गलत उत्पाद बनाता है।
👉 Efficiency without Effectiveness
Case 3
कंपनी के तीन स्तर हैं – उच्च, मध्य और निम्न स्तर। प्रत्येक स्तर की अलग जिम्मेदारी है।
👉 Levels of Management
Case 4
प्रबंधक पहले लक्ष्य तय करता है, फिर कार्य बाँटता है, कर्मचारियों की नियुक्ति करता है और अंत में नियंत्रण करता है।
👉 Functions of Management (P-O-S-D-C)
Case 5
एक संगठन में हर कर्मचारी अलग-अलग दिशा में कार्य कर रहा था, जिससे परिणाम खराब आए।
👉 Lack of Coordination
Case 6
एक मैनेजर ने कहा कि प्रबंधन एक कला भी है और विज्ञान भी।
👉 Nature of Management
Case 7
प्रबंधक संसाधनों का सर्वोत्तम उपयोग कर रहा है।
👉 Efficiency
Case 8
कंपनी अपने लक्ष्यों को समय पर पूरा कर रही है।
👉 Effectiveness
📘 UNIT 2: Principles of Management (Case 9–18)
Case 9
कंपनी में हर कर्मचारी को एक ही अधिकारी से आदेश मिलता है।
👉 Unity of Command
Case 10
कार्य को छोटे-छोटे हिस्सों में बाँट दिया गया।
👉 Division of Work
Case 11
प्रबंधन और श्रमिकों के बीच आपसी विश्वास बढ़ा।
👉 Harmony not Discord
Case 12
एक कर्मचारी को अधिकार दिया गया लेकिन जिम्मेदारी तय नहीं की गई।
👉 Authority without Responsibility (Violation)
Case 13
एक ही उद्देश्य के लिए एक ही योजना लागू की गई।
👉 Unity of Direction
Case 14
ऊपर से नीचे तक आदेश की श्रृंखला का पालन हुआ।
👉 Scalar Chain
Case 15
प्रबंधक ने कर्मचारियों को सुझाव देने का अवसर दिया।
👉 Initiative
Case 16
कर्मचारियों के साथ समान व्यवहार किया गया।
👉 Equity
Case 17
टेलर ने कार्य करने का वैज्ञानिक तरीका अपनाया।
👉 Scientific Management
Case 18
अलग-अलग पर्यवेक्षक अलग-अलग कार्यों के लिए नियुक्त किए गए।
👉 Functional Foremanship
📘 UNIT 3: Business Environment (Case 19–25)
Case 19
सरकार ने नई कर नीति लागू की।
👉 Political Environment
Case 20
नई तकनीक के आने से कंपनी की उत्पादन लागत कम हो गई।
👉 Technological Environment
Case 21
महंगाई बढ़ने से ग्राहकों की क्रय शक्ति कम हुई।
👉 Economic Environment
Case 22
लोगों की जीवन शैली बदलने से उत्पाद की मांग बदली।
👉 Social Environment
Case 23
कंपनी ने बाजार के बदलाव का पहले ही विश्लेषण कर लिया।
👉 Environmental Scanning
Case 24
सरकार ने नोटबंदी की घोषणा की।
👉 Demonetisation
Case 25
भारत की कंपनी ने विदेशी बाजार में प्रवेश किया।
👉 Globalisation
📘 UNIT 4: Planning (Case 26–35)
Case 26
कंपनी ने पहले लक्ष्य तय किए, फिर विकल्पों का विश्लेषण किया।
👉 Planning Process
Case 27
एक सामान्य दिशा-निर्देश दिया गया।
👉 Policy
Case 28
एक निश्चित क्रम में कार्य करने का तरीका बताया गया।
👉 Procedure
Case 29
विशिष्ट स्थिति में क्या करना है, स्पष्ट लिखा गया।
👉 Rule
Case 30
भविष्य की आय-व्यय का अनुमान लगाया गया।
👉 Budget
Case 31
कंपनी ने दीर्घकालीन लक्ष्य हेतु योजना बनाई।
👉 Strategy
Case 32
दोहराव वाले कार्य समाप्त कर दिए गए।
👉 Planning reduces overlapping
Case 33
अनिश्चित बाजार में जोखिम कम हुआ।
👉 Planning reduces uncertainty
Case 34
प्रबंधक ने योजना बनाकर दिशा दी।
👉 Planning provides direction
Case 35
लक्ष्य स्पष्ट न होने से कार्य विफल हुआ।
👉 Poor Planning
✅ 1. Importance of Planning (6 Marks – Most Repeated)
Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do.
Importance:
-
Provides Direction – कर्मचारियों को स्पष्ट दिशा मिलती है।
-
Reduces Uncertainty – भविष्य की अनिश्चितता कम होती है।
-
Reduces Overlapping – कार्यों की पुनरावृत्ति कम होती है।
-
Facilitates Controlling – नियंत्रण के लिए मानक मिलते हैं।
-
Promotes Innovation – नए विचारों को प्रोत्साहन मिलता है।
-
Improves Decision Making – बेहतर निर्णय लेने में सहायक।
✅ 2. Steps in Planning Process
-
Setting Objectives – लक्ष्य निर्धारण
-
Developing Premises – आधार बनाना
-
Identifying Alternatives – विकल्प पहचानना
-
Evaluating Alternatives – तुलना करना
-
Selecting Best Alternative – सर्वोत्तम चयन
-
Implementing & Follow-up – कार्यान्वयन व समीक्षा
✅ 3. Principles of Scientific Management (Taylor)
-
Science not Rule of Thumb
-
Harmony not Discord
-
Cooperation not Individualism
-
Development of Workers
👉 उद्देश्य – Efficiency बढ़ाना
✅ 4. Fayol’s Principles (Any Six)
Division of Work, Authority & Responsibility, Discipline, Unity of Command, Unity of Direction, Scalar Chain.
👉 ये प्रशासनिक सिद्धांत हैं।
✅ 5. Importance of Delegation
-
Reduces Workload
-
Develops Managers
-
Quick Decisions
-
Motivation
-
Effective Supervision
-
Growth of Organisation
✅ 6. Elements of Delegation
-
Authority – आदेश देने का अधिकार
-
Responsibility – कार्य की बाध्यता
-
Accountability – परिणाम की जवाबदेही
👉 तीनों साथ-साथ चलते हैं।
✅ 7. Functional Structure – Merits & Demerits
Merits:
-
Specialisation
-
Easy supervision
-
Efficient use of resources
Demerits:
-
Delay in decisions
-
Lack of coordination
✅ 8. Divisional Structure – Merits & Demerits
Merits:
-
Product focus
-
Quick decision
-
Accountability clear
Demerits:
-
Duplication of activities
-
Costly
✅ 9. Importance of Staffing
-
Right person right job
-
Improves efficiency
-
Better employee development
-
Builds morale
-
Effective performance
-
Long-term growth
✅ 10. Steps in Selection Process
Preliminary Screening → Selection Test → Interview → Medical Examination → Job Offer → Contract
✅ 11. Importance of Training
-
Increases productivity
-
Reduces accidents
-
Improves morale
-
Better career growth
-
Reduces supervision
-
Adaptation to change
✅ 12. Elements of Directing
-
Supervision
-
Motivation
-
Leadership
-
Communication
👉 Directing initiates action.
✅ 13. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
-
Physiological
-
Safety
-
Social
-
Esteem
-
Self-actualisation
👉 मानव व्यवहार को समझाता है।
✅ 14. Barriers to Communication
Semantic, Psychological, Organisational, Personal.
👉 गलतफहमियाँ पैदा करते हैं।
✅ 15. Steps in Controlling
-
Setting Standards
-
Measuring Performance
-
Comparing
-
Corrective Action
✅ 16. Relationship Between Planning & Controlling
Planning sets standards, controlling measures performance.
👉 दोनों एक-दूसरे पर निर्भर हैं।
✅ 17. Objectives of Financial Management
-
Profit maximisation
-
Wealth maximisation
-
Proper fund utilisation
-
Financial discipline
-
Survival
-
Growth
✅ 18. Financial Decisions
-
Investment Decision
-
Financing Decision
-
Dividend Decision
✅ 19. Factors Affecting Working Capital
Nature of business, Scale, Business cycle, Credit policy, Operating efficiency, Growth prospects.
✅ 20. Factors Affecting Fixed Capital
Nature of business, Scale, Technology, Growth prospects, Diversification.
✅ 21. Capital Market vs Money Market
Capital – Long term
Money – Short term
SEBI regulates capital
RBI regulates money market
✅ 22. Functions of SEBI
-
Protective
-
Regulatory
-
Developmental
✅ 23. Marketing Mix (4Ps)
Product, Price, Place, Promotion
👉 All elements are interrelated.
✅ 24. Functions of Marketing
-
Gathering information
-
Product planning
-
Pricing
-
Promotion
-
Distribution
✅ 25. Merits & Limitations of Advertising
Merits:
Mass reach, Brand building
Limitations:
Costly, Misleading
✅ 26. Difference Between Marketing & Selling
Marketing – Customer satisfaction
Selling – Push sales
✅ 27. Consumer Rights
Right to safety, Information, Choose, Redressal, Education.
✅ 28. Consumer Responsibilities
Check quality mark, Ask for bill, Use properly, File complaint.
✅ 29. Importance of Business Environment
Identifies opportunities, Improves performance, Helps planning, Avoids threats.
✅ 30. Importance of Management
-
Achieves group goals
-
Increases efficiency
-
Creates dynamic organisation
-
Develops society
-
Adapts to environment
-
Improves coordination
🎯 FINAL RESULT
अगर विद्यार्थी ये 30 Answers याद कर लेते हैं:
✅ 6 Marker Secure
✅ 60+ Marks Confirmed
✅ Repeated PYQs Covered
📘 50 Guaranteed SHORT Answers (Fully Written)
👉 3–4 Marks Pattern
👉 Hindi + English Mix
👉 Directly Write in Exam
👉 PYQ Based + 2026 Expected 💯
📘 UNIT 1: Nature & Significance of Management
✅ 1. Define Management.
Management is the process of getting work done through others to achieve organisational goals effectively and efficiently.
प्रबंधन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा दूसरों से कार्य करवाकर लक्ष्यों को प्रभावी एवं कुशल तरीके से प्राप्त किया जाता है।
✅ 2. What is Coordination?
Coordination is the process of synchronising different activities of an organisation.
संगठन की विभिन्न गतिविधियों में तालमेल स्थापित करना समन्वय है।
✅ 3. Difference between Efficiency and Effectiveness.
| Efficiency | Effectiveness |
|---|---|
| Doing things right | Doing right things |
| Minimum cost | Achieving goals |
✅ 4. Functions of Management.
Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Controlling.
👉 ये सभी कार्य आपस में जुड़े होते हैं।
📘 UNIT 2: Principles of Management
✅ 5. What is Division of Work?
Work is divided into small tasks to increase efficiency.
कार्य विभाजन से विशेषज्ञता बढ़ती है और उत्पादन बढ़ता है।
✅ 6. What is Unity of Command?
An employee should receive orders from one superior only.
एक कर्मचारी को केवल एक अधिकारी से आदेश मिलना चाहिए।
✅ 7. What is Scalar Chain?
It is the chain of authority from top to bottom.
ऊपर से नीचे तक आदेश की श्रृंखला।
✅ 8. What is Equity Principle?
Managers should treat employees fairly and kindly.
कर्मचारियों के साथ न्यायपूर्ण व्यवहार।
📘 UNIT 3: Business Environment
✅ 9. What is Business Environment?
It includes all external forces that affect business operations.
व्यवसाय को प्रभावित करने वाले बाहरी कारक।
✅ 10. Features of Business Environment.
-
Totality of external forces
-
Dynamic
-
Uncertain
-
Complex
✅ 11. Importance of Business Environment.
Identifies opportunities, helps planning, improves performance.
📘 UNIT 4: Planning
✅ 12. Define Planning.
Planning means deciding in advance what to do and how to do.
पहले से निर्णय लेना कि क्या और कैसे करना है।
✅ 13. Features of Planning.
Goal oriented, Pervasive, Continuous, Futuristic.
✅ 14. What is Policy?
Policy is a general guideline for decision-making.
नीति सामान्य दिशा-निर्देश है।
✅ 15. What is Budget?
Budget is a financial plan of income and expenditure.
आय-व्यय का अनुमानित विवरण।
📘 UNIT 5: Organising
✅ 16. What is Organising?
Organising means arranging resources systematically.
संसाधनों को व्यवस्थित करना।
✅ 17. Elements of Delegation.
Authority, Responsibility, Accountability.
✅ 18. What is Decentralisation?
Systematic dispersal of authority at all levels.
अधिकारों का विभिन्न स्तरों पर वितरण।
✅ 19. Difference between Formal and Informal Organisation.
Formal – Official structure
Informal – Social relationship based
📘 UNIT 6: Staffing
✅ 20. What is Staffing?
Staffing is the process of filling and keeping positions in organisation.
संगठन में पदों को भरना।
✅ 21. What is Recruitment?
It is the process of searching prospective candidates.
संभावित उम्मीदवारों की खोज।
✅ 22. What is Selection?
It is the process of choosing the best candidate.
उत्तम उम्मीदवार का चयन।
✅ 23. What is Training?
Training improves skills and efficiency of employees.
कर्मचारियों की कार्यकुशलता बढ़ाना।
📘 UNIT 7: Directing
✅ 24. What is Directing?
Directing means instructing and guiding employees to perform tasks.
कर्मचारियों को निर्देश देना और मार्गदर्शन करना।
✅ 25. What is Motivation?
Motivation is stimulating employees to perform better.
बेहतर कार्य के लिए प्रेरित करना।
✅ 26. What is Leadership?
Leadership is influencing others to achieve goals.
लक्ष्य प्राप्ति हेतु दूसरों को प्रभावित करना।
✅ 27. What is Communication?
Communication is exchange of information between two persons.
दो व्यक्तियों के बीच सूचना का आदान-प्रदान।
📘 UNIT 8: Controlling
✅ 28. What is Controlling?
Controlling ensures that actual performance matches standards.
वास्तविक प्रदर्शन को मानक से मिलाना।
✅ 29. Steps in Controlling.
Setting standards, Measuring performance, Comparing, Corrective action.
✅ 30. Why Planning and Controlling are interrelated?
Planning sets standards, controlling checks performance.
📘 UNIT 9: Financial Management
✅ 31. What is Financial Management?
It deals with procurement and proper use of funds.
धन की प्राप्ति और उपयोग।
✅ 32. Objectives of Financial Management.
Profit maximisation & Wealth maximisation.
✅ 33. What is Investment Decision?
Long-term asset investment decision.
✅ 34. What is Financing Decision?
Choice of source of funds.
✅ 35. What is Dividend Decision?
Decision regarding distribution of profits.
✅ 36. Working Capital Formula.
Current Assets – Current Liabilities.
✅ 37. What is Capital Structure?
Proportion of debt and equity.
📘 UNIT 10: Marketing
✅ 38. What is Marketing?
Marketing is identifying and satisfying customer needs profitably.
✅ 39. What are 4Ps of Marketing?
Product, Price, Place, Promotion.
✅ 40. What is Branding?
Giving a name or symbol to product.
✅ 41. What is Packaging?
Designing container of product.
✅ 42. What is Advertising?
Non-personal paid communication.
✅ 43. What is Personal Selling?
Face-to-face communication with customers.
✅ 44. What is Sales Promotion?
Short-term incentive to boost sales.
📘 UNIT 11: Consumer Protection
✅ 45. What is Consumer Protection?
Protection of consumer from unfair trade practices.
✅ 46. Consumer Rights (Any Four).
Safety, Information, Choose, Redressal.
✅ 47. Consumer Responsibilities.
Check quality marks, Ask for bill, Use properly.
✅ 48. What is District Commission?
Consumer court at district level.
✅ 49. What is Hallmark?
Certification mark for gold purity.
✅ 50. What is SEBI?
Securities and Exchange Board of India – regulates capital market.
ASSERTION–REASON (FULL QUESTIONS WITH OPTIONS)
1.
Assertion (A): Management is a continuous process.
Reason (R): It involves a series of functions performed once only.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
2.
Assertion (A): Coordination is the essence of management.
Reason (R): It integrates group efforts towards common goals.
Options: A / B / C / D (same as above)
3.
Assertion (A): Efficiency alone ensures success of an organisation.
Reason (R): Effectiveness is equally important for achieving goals.
Options: A / B / C / D
4.
Assertion (A): Management is pervasive.
Reason (R): It is required at all levels of organisation.
Options: A / B / C / D
5.
Assertion (A): Unity of Command avoids confusion in organisation.
Reason (R): An employee should receive orders from only one superior.
Options: A / B / C / D
6.
Assertion (A): Division of Work increases efficiency.
Reason (R): It promotes specialisation.
Options: A / B / C / D
7.
Assertion (A): Authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be fully delegated.
Reason (R): Superior remains accountable for final outcome.
Options: A / B / C / D
8.
Assertion (A): Discipline is not necessary for organisational success.
Reason (R): Employees can work freely without rules.
Options: A / B / C / D
9.
Assertion (A): Functional foremanship was introduced by Fayol.
Reason (R): It divides supervision into specialised roles.
Options: A / B / C / D
10.
Assertion (A): Business environment is dynamic.
Reason (R): It keeps changing over time.
Options: A / B / C / D
11.
Assertion (A): Economic environment affects purchasing power.
Reason (R): Inflation reduces real income of consumers.
Options: A / B / C / D
12.
Assertion (A): Political environment has no impact on business.
Reason (R): Government policies influence business activities.
Options: A / B / C / D
13.
Assertion (A): Planning reduces uncertainty.
Reason (R): It involves forecasting future conditions.
Options: A / B / C / D
14.
Assertion (A): Planning is a one-time activity.
Reason (R): Plans are revised as per changes in environment.
Options: A / B / C / D
15.
Assertion (A): Policy is a type of plan.
Reason (R): It provides general guidelines for decision-making.
Options: A / B / C / D
16.
Assertion (A): Budget is a financial plan.
Reason (R): It estimates income and expenditure.
Options: A / B / C / D
17.
Assertion (A): Delegation reduces workload of superior.
Reason (R): Authority and responsibility are passed to subordinates.
Options: A / B / C / D
18.
Assertion (A): Informal organisation cannot be eliminated.
Reason (R): It develops from social relations among employees.
Options: A / B / C / D
19.
Assertion (A): Recruitment is a positive process.
Reason (R): It creates a pool of applicants.
Options: A / B / C / D
20.
Assertion (A): Selection is a negative process.
Reason (R): It rejects unsuitable candidates.
Options: A / B / C / D
📘 ASSERTION–REASON (21–50 FULL FORMAT)
21.
Assertion (A): Training increases productivity of employees.
Reason (R): Training improves skills and knowledge of employees.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
22.
Assertion (A): Directing initiates action in an organisation.
Reason (R): It includes supervision, motivation, leadership and communication.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
23.
Assertion (A): Leadership is required only at top level.
Reason (R): Top managers influence policies of organisation.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
24.
Assertion (A): Communication is a two-way process.
Reason (R): Feedback is an essential element of communication.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
25.
Assertion (A): Controlling ensures that actual performance matches standards.
Reason (R): It involves comparison of actual performance with predetermined standards.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
26.
Assertion (A): Planning and Controlling are interrelated functions.
Reason (R): Controlling provides standards for planning.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
27.
Assertion (A): Wealth maximisation is superior to profit maximisation.
Reason (R): It focuses on long-term value of the firm.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
28.
Assertion (A): High debt increases financial risk.
Reason (R): Interest must be paid regularly on borrowed funds.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
29.
Assertion (A): Working capital is required for day-to-day operations.
Reason (R): It is used to finance long-term assets.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
30.
Assertion (A): Dividend decision affects retained earnings of a company.
Reason (R): Higher dividend reduces the amount of profit retained in business.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
31.
Assertion (A): Marketing starts with customer needs.
Reason (R): Customer satisfaction is the primary goal of marketing.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
32.
Assertion (A): Advertising is a personal form of communication.
Reason (R): It reaches a large audience at once.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
33.
Assertion (A): Price is the only revenue generating element of marketing mix.
Reason (R): Other elements of marketing mix involve cost.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
34.
Assertion (A): Sales promotion gives short-term incentives.
Reason (R): It includes coupons and discounts.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
35.
Assertion (A): Consumer Protection Act 2019 allows e-filing of complaints.
Reason (R): It strengthens the consumer redressal system.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
36.
Assertion (A): Right to safety protects consumers from hazardous goods.
Reason (R): Consumers must check quality marks like ISI and Hallmark.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
37.
Assertion (A): Delegation develops managerial talent.
Reason (R): Subordinates get opportunity to take decisions.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
38.
Assertion (A): Motivation increases morale of employees.
Reason (R): It helps in satisfying their needs.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
39.
Assertion (A): Financial planning avoids overcapitalisation.
Reason (R): It ensures proper estimation of funds.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
40.
Assertion (A): Branding creates product identity.
Reason (R): It helps in product differentiation.
Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
| Q.No | Correct Option |
|---|---|
| 1 | C |
| 2 | A |
| 3 | D |
| 4 | A |
| 5 | A |
| 6 | A |
| 7 | A |
| 8 | D |
| 9 | D |
| 10 | A |
| 11 | A |
| 12 | D |
| 13 | A |
| 14 | D |
| 15 | A |
| 16 | A |
| 17 | A |
| 18 | A |
| 19 | A |
| 20 | A |
| 21 | A |
| 22 | A |
| 23 | D |
| 24 | A |
| 25 | A |
| 26 | C |
| 27 | A |
| 28 | A |
| 29 | C |
| 30 | A |
| 31 | A |
| 32 | D |
| 33 | A |
| 34 | A |
| 35 | B |
| 36 | B |
| 37 | A |
| 38 | A |
| 39 | A |
| 40 | A |
| 41 | B |
| 42 | A |
| 43 | A |
| 44 | D |
| 45 | A |
| 46 | A |
| 47 | A |
| 48 | A |
| 49 | A |
| 50 | A |




