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Gerund Vs Infinitive Vs Participle || Basic English Grammar

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Gerund Vs Infinitive Vs Participle || Basic English Grammar

Gerund Vs Infinitive Vs Participle || Basic English Grammar

  1. Gerund:
    • Definition: A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun in a sentence. The base form of a verb receives the suffix “-ing” to create it.
    • Example: Eating is enjoyable. (Here, “eating” acts as the subject of the sentence, functioning as a noun.)
  2. Infinitive:
    • The base form of a verb that comes before the word “to” is an infinitive. It can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
    • Example: She likes to sing. (Here, “to sing” functions as the direct object of the verb “likes.”)
  3. Participle:
    • Definition: A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective, describing or modifying a noun or pronoun.
    • Example: The swimming pool is closed. (Here, “swimming” modifies the noun “pool,” indicating the type of pool.)

Gerund Vs Infinitive Vs Participle || Basic English Grammar

Gerund Vs Infinitive Vs Participle || Basic English Grammar

10 Examples of gerunds, infinitives, and participles, each with an explanation in brackets:

  1. Gerund: Eating
    • Example: Eating vegetables is healthy.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “eating” acts as the subject of the sentence, indicating the action of consuming vegetables.
  2. Infinitive: To swim
    • Example: She likes to swim every day.
    • Explanation: Here, “to swim” functions as the object of the verb “likes,” showing the action the subject enjoys doing.
  3. Participle: Swimming
    • Example: The children, swimming in the pool, are having fun.
    • Explanation: “Swimming” acts as an adjective modifying the noun “children,” describing what they are doing.
  4. Gerund: Dancing
    • Example: She is interested in dancing.
    • Explanation: “Dancing” serves as the object of the preposition “in,” indicating the activity in which she is interested.
  5. Infinitive: To learn
    • Example: He is eager to learn.
    • Explanation: “To learn” acts as the complement of the verb “is eager,” expressing the subject’s desire to acquire knowledge.
  6. Participle: Playing
    • Example: The children, playing in the park, are having fun.
    • Explanation: “Playing” functions as an adjective modifying the noun “children,” describing what they are doing.
  7. Gerund: Writing
    • Example: I consider writing a talent.
    • Explanation: “Writing” acts as the object complement, completing the meaning of the verb “consider,” which expresses the subject’s opinion.
  8. Infinitive: To lead
    • Example: We need him to lead.
    • Explanation: “To lead” serves as the object of the verb “need,” indicating the action the subject requires him to perform.
  9. Participle: Locked
    • Example: She found the door locked.
    • Explanation: “Locked” functions as an adjective modifying the noun “door,” describing its state resulting from the action of locking.
  10. Gerund: Painting
    • Example: Her hobby is painting.
    • Explanation: “Painting” acts as the subject complement, completing the subject “hobby” by specifying what it is.

Gerunds Explained 

Gerunds:

  1. A gerund is a verb form ending in “-ing” that functions as a noun in a sentence. Example: Swimming is my favorite activity. (Gerund phrase functioning as the subject)
  2. Gerunds can be the subject of a sentence. Example: Jogging helps me stay fit.
  3. Gerunds can follow prepositions. Example: I am interested in reading novels.
  4. Gerunds can be used after certain verbs such as enjoy, dislike, and avoid. Example: She enjoys dancing in her free time.
  5. Gerunds can be used after possessive determiners like my, your, his, her, etc. Example: His singing impressed everyone at the party.
  6. Gerunds can be used in compound nouns. Example: I love going for long walks in the evening.
  7. Gerunds can be used after certain expressions like “can’t help,” “it’s no use,” “it’s worth,” etc. Example: She can’t help laughing at his jokes.
  8. Gerunds can be used after certain adjectives. Example: She was afraid of falling off the ladder.
  9. Gerunds can be used after certain verbs of perception. Example: I saw him crossing the street.
  10. Gerunds can be used after certain phrasal verbs. Example: He ended up quitting his job.
  1. Example: Swimming is good exercise.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “swimming” is a gerund acting as the subject of the sentence, indicating the activity.
  2. Example: She enjoys reading books.
    • Explanation: Here, “reading” is a gerund functioning as the direct object of the verb “enjoys,” indicating the activity she enjoys.
  3. Example: His hobby is playing guitar.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “playing” is a gerund serving as the subject complement, describing his hobby.
  4. Example: We’re interested in hiking.
    • Explanation: “Hiking” is a gerund acting as the object of the preposition “in,” indicating the activity of interest.
  5. Example: Running can improve cardiovascular health.
    • Explanation: Here, “running” is a gerund serving as the subject of the sentence, highlighting the activity.
  6. Example: Cooking is an essential skill.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “cooking” is a gerund acting as the subject of the sentence, emphasizing the importance of the activity.
  7. Example: They avoid eating junk food.
    • Explanation: “Eating” is a gerund functioning as the direct object of the verb “avoid,” indicating the action they avoid.
  8. Example: Her favorite pastime is gardening.
    • Explanation: Here, “gardening” is a gerund serving as the subject complement, describing her favorite pastime.
  9. Example: John apologized for forgetting the appointment.
    • Explanation: “Forgetting” is a gerund acting as the object of the preposition “for,” indicating the action for which John apologized.
  10. Example: I look forward to meeting you.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “meeting” is a gerund functioning as the object of the preposition “to,” indicating the anticipated activity.

Gerund FAQs

  • What is a gerund?
  • A gerund is a verb in its present participle form (root verb + “-ing”) that functions as a noun in a sentence.
  • What are the different kinds of gerunds?
  • Gerunds can serve various roles in a sentence:
  • Subject
  • Direct object
  • Indirect object
  • Object of a preposition
  • Subject complement
  • Object complement
  • Can you provide examples of gerunds in sentences?
  • Certainly! Here are some examples:
  • Hiking is their favorite outdoor activity. (Subject)
  • She enjoys reading novels in her free time. (Direct object)
  • He gave his friend a gift for baking delicious cakes. (Indirect object)
  • They went camping after fishing at the lake. (Object of a preposition)
  • I consider swimming a great form of exercise. (Subject complement)
  • I find running marathons challenging but rewarding. (Object complement)
  • How can I identify gerunds in a sentence?
  • Look for verbs ending in “-ing” that function as nouns rather than describing actions.
  • Can you explain the difference between gerunds and participles?
  • While gerunds function as nouns, participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives or parts of verb phrases. Gerunds focus on the action as a concept, while participles describe or modify nouns.

 

Infinitives:

Activity 1: Main verbs and infinitives
Identify each sentence’s subject, main verb, and infinitives. Mark the subject and main verb, then mark the infinitive forms: bare, split, perfect, continuous, perfect continuous, and passive.
Let’s say for instance, “The quick, brown fox jumped to abruptly overtake the lazy dog.”
Split infinitive with subject and main verb.
1. Despite fighting for better working conditions, their bosses opted to severely reduce their salary.
2. Rumors of your renowned moves appear to be circulating on the dance floor.
3. To beat those odds, the gambler had to meet Lady Luck herself.
4. A mother observes her children as they mature and enter the world.
5. The symptoms of sleep deprivation seemed to be catching up with him.
Activity #2: Infinitive Functions
Label each infinitive phrase with its function: subject, direct object, complement, adjective, or adverb.
Thus: “The best way to have a good idea is to have a lot of ideas.”
Adjective Subject Complement
1. Keeping rhythm means dismissing one’s persistent hesitancy.
2. We welcome you to return to the Writing Center to enhance your writing skills.
3. The library is the finest place to find reliable academic materials for an essay.
4. If you want to bake an apple pie from scratch, you must first create the universe.
5. Seeking information enables you to redefine yourself as a role model for future generations.
Answer Key for Activity 1
1. Their employers decided [subject+main verb], granted [passive infinitive], and substantially slashed [split infinitive].
2. Rumors appear [subject+main verb] and have been circulating (perfect continuous infinitive).
3. The gambler must have met [subject+main verb (bare perfect infinitive)] and beaten [perfect infinitive].
4. A mother watches [subject + main verb], grows [bare infinitive], and ventures [bare infinitive].
5. The impacts appeared [subject+main verb], to be catching [continuous infinitive].
Answer Key for Activity 2
1. to maintain rhythm [subject]; to disregard one’s persistent hesitancy [subject complement].
2. Return to the Writing Center [adverb]; Continue [adverb]; Improve [adverb]
3. to locate sources [adjective]; to incorporate into your paper [adjective]
4. Make an apple pie. [Direct Object]
5. To yearn [subject], acquire knowledge [object], understand [complement], reinvent oneself [adverb], and inspire future generations [adjective].

Infinitives Rules:

  1. An infinitive is the base form of a verb with the particle “to” (to + base form of verb). Example: I like to read books. (Infinitive phrase functioning as the direct object)
  2. Infinitives can be used as the subject of a sentence. Example: To learn a new language is challenging.
  3. Infinitives can follow certain verbs like want, need, decide, etc. Example: She wants to become a doctor.
  4. Infinitives can be used after certain adjectives. Example: It’s important to be honest.
  5. Infinitives can be used after certain nouns. Example: He has the ability to solve complex problems.
  6. Infinitives can be used after certain expressions like “be supposed to,” “be going to,” etc. Example: I am supposed to finish this project by tomorrow.
  7. Infinitives can be used after certain phrases like “too + adjective/adverb,” “enough + noun,” etc. Example: The book is too heavy to lift.
  8. Infinitives can be used after certain verbs of perception. Example: I heard him sing at the concert.
  9. Infinitives can be used after certain causative verbs. Example: She had her car repaired by a mechanic.
  10. Infinitives can be used in exclamatory sentences. Example: What a pleasure it is to meet you!
  1. Example: She wants to travel the world.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “to travel” is an infinitive used as the direct object of the verb “wants,” indicating the desired action.
  2. Example: He decided to study abroad.
    • Explanation: Here, “to study” is an infinitive functioning as the object of the verb “decided,” indicating the action he decided to take.
  3. Example: Their goal is to win the championship.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “to win” is an infinitive serving as the subject complement, describing their goal.
  4. Example: She likes to read novels.
    • Explanation: “To read” is an infinitive acting as the direct object of the verb “likes,” indicating the activity she enjoys.
  5. Example: The plan is to visit Paris next summer.
    • Explanation: Here, “to visit” is an infinitive functioning as the subject complement, describing the plan.
  6. Example: He hopes to become a doctor.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “to become” is an infinitive acting as the direct object of the verb “hopes,” indicating the desired outcome.
  7. Example: I need to finish my homework.
    • Explanation: “To finish” is an infinitive serving as the direct object of the verb “need,” indicating the required action.
  8. Example: Their dream is to build a house by the lake.
    • Explanation: Here, “to build” is an infinitive functioning as the subject complement, describing their dream.
  9. Example: She decided to quit her job and start her own business.
    • Explanation: “To quit” and “to start” are infinitives used as part of a compound infinitive phrase, indicating the actions she decided to take.
  10. Example: He loves to play the guitar.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “to play” is an infinitive serving as the direct object of the verb “loves,” indicating the activity he enjoys.

  • Forming the Infinitive:

    • Forming the Infinitive:
      • An infinitive is constructed by placing “to” before the base form of a verb.
        • Example: to eat, to run, to study.
    • Functions of Infinitives:
      • Infinitives can act as nouns, serving as subjects, direct objects, or subject complements.
        • Subject: To eat is essential for survival.
        • Direct object: She likes to run in the morning.
        • Subject complement: His goal is to study abroad.
      • They can function as adjectives when placed after nouns in phrases.
        • Describe a Subject: The best time to visit the museum is in the morning.
        • Describe an Object: She has books to read during the summer.
      • Infinitives can also act as adverbs, modifying verbs in a sentence to explain the purpose or necessity of an action.
        • Purpose: He runs every day to stay healthy.
        • Necessity: She works hard to support her family.
    • Infinitive Phrases:
      • Combining infinitives with other words and phrases provides additional context to the conveyed action.
        • Infinitive phrases can function as adverbs, describing the action’s purpose or providing additional information.
          • Purpose: She volunteers to help others in need.
          • Additional Information: He stopped to buy some groceries on his way home.
    • Bare Infinitives:
      • Certain verbs, particularly modal verbs and verbs like “bid,” “let,” “watch,” etc., can be followed by bare infinitives (without “to”).
        • Modal Verbs: You must go now.
        • Bid: He bid them farewell.
        • Let: She let him leave early.
      • Verbs like “dare” and “need” can also accept bare infinitives in specific contexts.
        • Dare: She didn’t dare to speak up.
        • Need: You needn’t to worry about it.
    • Split Infinitives:
      • A split infinitive occurs when a word or phrase separates “to” and the verb, which some consider inappropriate in formal writing.
        • Example: He decided to quickly finish his homework. (Split infinitive: “to quickly”)
      • While split infinitives can be acceptable in informal contexts, they may need revision for clarity.
        • Revision: He decided to finish his homework quickly.

  • Other Forms of Infinitives:

    • Infinitives can be in perfect, continuous, perfect continuous, or passive forms, each indicating different aspects of the action.
    • Perfect Infinitive: This form combines “to have” with the past participle of the verb. It indicates an action that was completed before another action or at a specific time in the past.
      • Example: “She seems to have finished her homework already.” (The action of finishing the homework occurred before the observation of her seeming.)
    • Continuous Infinitive: This form combines “to be” with the present participle of the verb. It indicates an ongoing or continuous action.
      • Example: “He appears to be studying for his exams.” (The action of studying is ongoing or in progress.)
    • Perfect Continuous Infinitive: This form combines “to have been” with the present participle of the verb. It indicates an action that started in the past, continued up to a certain point, and may or may not continue into the future.
      • Example: “She seems to have been working hard all day.” (The action of working hard started in the past, continued until now, and may continue.)
    • Passive Infinitive: This form combines “to be” with the past participle of the verb. It indicates that the subject of the sentence receives the action rather than performs it.
      • Example: “The report needs to be completed by tomorrow.” (The action of completing the report is done to the subject “report.”)

MCQs on Infinitive

Which of the following is an example of an infinitive?

  1. a) She enjoys dancing.
  2. b) She enjoys to dance.
  3. c) She enjoys dance.
  4. d) She enjoys dances.

Answer: a) She enjoys dancing.

  • Explanation: “Dancing” is the infinitive form used after the verb “enjoys.”

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “He wants to travel the world.”

  1. a) He
  2. b) Wants
  3. c) To travel
  4. d) The world

Answer: c) To travel

  • Explanation: “To travel” is the infinitive, indicating the action desired by the subject “He.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) She decided to to learn Spanish.
  2. b) She decided learn Spanish.
  3. c) She decided learning Spanish.
  4. d) She decided to learn Spanish.

Answer: d) She decided to learn Spanish.

  • Explanation: “To learn” is the infinitive, used after the verb “decided.”

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) He needs to finish the report.
  2. b) He needs finish the report.
  3. c) He needs finishing the report.
  4. d) He needs finished the report.

Answer: a) He needs to finish the report.

  • Explanation: “To finish” is the infinitive, used after the verb “needs.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) She likes to sings in the choir.
  2. b) She likes sing in the choir.
  3. c) She likes singing in the choir.
  4. d) She likes singing on the choir.

Answer: a) She likes to sing in the choir.

  • Explanation: “To sing” is the infinitive, used after the verb “likes.”

Which of the following sentences contains an infinitive used as the object of a verb?

  1. a) They plan to visit their grandparents.
  2. b) They plan visiting their grandparents.
  3. c) They plan visit their grandparents.
  4. d) They plan visits their grandparents.

Answer: a) They plan to visit their grandparents.

  • Explanation: “To visit” is the infinitive, functioning as the object of the verb “plan.”

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “She hopes to win the competition.”

  1. a) She
  2. b) Hopes
  3. c) To win
  4. d) The competition

Answer: c) To win

  • Explanation: “To win” is the infinitive, indicating the desired outcome of the action “hopes.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) He agreed to helps with the project.
  2. b) He agreed helps with the project.
  3. c) He agreed helping with the project.
  4. d) He agreed to help with the project.

Answer: d) He agreed to help with the project.

  • Explanation: “To help” is the infinitive, used after the verb “agreed.”

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) She needs to write the report.
  2. b) She needs write the report.
  3. c) She needs writing the report.
  4. d) She needs wrote the report.

Answer: a) She needs to write the report.

  • Explanation: “To write” is the infinitive, used after the verb “needs.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) He plans to to start his own business.
  2. b) He plans start his own business.
  3. c) He plans starting his own business.
  4. d) He plans starts his own business.

Answer: c) He plans starting his own business.

  • Explanation: “Starting” is the infinitive, used after the verb “plans.”

Which of the following sentences contains an infinitive used as the subject?

  1. a) To travel requires careful planning.
  2. b) Travel requires careful planning.
  3. c) She travels with careful planning.
  4. d) She traveled with careful planning.

Answer: b) Travel requires careful planning.

  • Explanation: “Travel” is the subject of the sentence, functioning as a noun.

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “He dreams to become a pilot.”

  1. a) He
  2. b) Dreams
  3. c) To become
  4. d) A pilot

Answer: c) To become

  • Explanation: “To become” is the infinitive, indicating the desired outcome of the action “dreams.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) She hopes to to pass the exam.
  2. b) She hopes pass the exam.
  3. c) She hopes passing the exam.
  4. d) She hopes to passed the exam.

Answer: a) She hopes to pass the exam.

  • Explanation: “To pass” is the infinitive, used after the verb “hopes.”

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) They like to watch movies.
  2. b) They like watching movies.
  3. c) They likes to watching movies.
  4. d) They liked to watching movies.

Answer: a) They like to watch movies.

  • Explanation: “To watch” is the infinitive, used after the verb “like.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) He wants to to become a doctor.
  2. b) He wants become a doctor.
  3. c) He wants becoming a doctor.
  4. d) He wants to becoming a doctor.

Answer: a) He wants to become a doctor.

  • Explanation: “To become” is the infinitive, used after the verb “wants.”

Which of the following sentences contains an infinitive used as the object of a verb?

  1. a) She expects to to win the award.
  2. b) She expects win the award.
  3. c) She expects winning the award.
  4. d) She expects to winning the award.

Answer: a) She expects to win the award.

  • Explanation: “To win” is the infinitive, functioning as the object of the verb “expects.”

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “She decided to take up painting.”

  1. a) She
  2. b) Decided
  3. c) To take
  4. d) Up painting

Answer: c) To take

  • Explanation: “To take” is the infinitive, indicating the action desired by the subject “She.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) They aim to to improve their skills.
  2. b) They aim improve their skills.
  3. c) They aim improving their skills.
  4. d) They aim to improving their skills.

Answer: a) They aim to improve their skills.

  • Explanation: “To improve” is the infinitive, used after the verb “aim.”

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) He agreed to help with the project.
  2. b) He agreed helps with the project.
  3. c) He agreed helping with the project.
  4. d) He agreed to helping with the project.

Answer: a) He agreed to help with the project.

  • Explanation: “To help” is the infinitive, used after the verb “agreed.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) She loves to to dance.
  2. b) She loves dance.
  3. c) She loves dancing.
  4. d) She loves dances.

Answer: c) She loves dancing.

  • Explanation: “Dancing” is the gerund, functioning as the object of the verb “loves.”

Which of the following sentences contains an infinitive used as the subject?

  1. a) To write requires practice.
  2. b) Writing requires practice.
  3. c) She writes with practice.
  4. d) She wrote with practice.

Answer: b) Writing requires practice.

  • Explanation: “Writing” is the subject of the sentence, functioning as a noun.

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “He has a passion for to play the guitar.”

  1. a) He
  2. b) Has
  3. c) For to play
  4. d) The guitar

Answer: c) For to play

  • Explanation: “For to play” is not a correct infinitive form; the correct form is “to play.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) She decided to postpone to go to the party.
  2. b) She decided postponing to go to the party.
  3. c) She decided to postpone to go to the party.
  4. d) She decided postponing going to the party.

Answer: a) She decided to postpone to go to the party.

  • Explanation: “To postpone” is an infinitive, not a gerund.

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) They look forward to see him.
  2. b) They look forward to seeing him.
  3. c) They look forward seeing him.
  4. d) They look forward sees him.

Answer: b) They look forward to seeing him.

  • Explanation: “To seeing” is the correct infinitive form, used after the verb “look forward.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) She thought to try a new recipe.
  2. b) She thought trying a new recipe.
  3. c) She thought try a new recipe.
  4. d) She thought tries a new recipe.

Answer: a) She thought to try a new recipe.

  • Explanation: “To try” is the infinitive, used after the verb “thought.”

Which of the following sentences contains an infinitive used as the subject?

  1. a) To dance requires coordination.
  2. b) Dancing requires coordination.
  3. c) She danced with coordination.
  4. d) She will dance with coordination.

Answer: b) Dancing requires coordination.

  • Explanation: “Dancing” is the subject of the sentence, functioning as a noun.

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “He dreams of to travel the world.”

  1. a) He
  2. b) Dreams
  3. c) Of to travel
  4. d) The world

Answer: c) Of to travel

  • Explanation: “Of to travel” is not a correct infinitive form; the correct form is “to travel.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) She is eager to learn new things.
  2. b) She is eager learning new things.
  3. c) She is eager of learning new things.
  4. d) She is eager about learning new things.

Answer: a) She is eager to learn new things.

  • Explanation: “To learn” is the infinitive, used after the verb “eager.”

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) She is determined to succeed.
  2. b) She is determined succeed.
  3. c) She is determined succeeding.
  4. d) She is determined of succeeding.

Answer: a) She is determined to succeed.

  • Explanation: “To succeed” is the infinitive, used after the verb “determined.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) They plan to to visit their grandparents.
  2. b) They plan visit their grandparents.
  3. c) They plan visiting their grandparents.
  4. d) They plan to visiting their grandparents.

Answer: a) They plan to visit their grandparents.

  • Explanation: “To visit” is the infinitive, used after the verb “plan.”

Which of the following sentences contains an infinitive used as the object of a verb?

  1. a) She decided to to travel the world.
  2. b) She decided travel the world.
  3. c) She decided traveling the world.
  4. d) She decided to traveling the world.

Answer: a) She decided to travel the world.

  • Explanation: “To travel” is the infinitive, functioning as the object of the verb “decided.”

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “He aims to become a successful entrepreneur.”

  1. a) He
  2. b) Aims
  3. c) To become
  4. d) A successful entrepreneur

Answer: c) To become

  • Explanation: “To become” is the infinitive, indicating the desired outcome of the action “aims.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) They hope to to win the championship.
  2. b) They hope win the championship.
  3. c) They hope winning the championship.
  4. d) They hope to winning the championship.

Answer: a) They hope to win the championship.

  • Explanation: “To win” is the infinitive, used after the verb “hope.”

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) She loves to read books.
  2. b) She loves reading books.
  3. c) She loves read books.
  4. d) She loves reads books.

Answer: a) She loves to read books.

  • Explanation: “To read” is the infinitive, used after the verb “loves.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) He wishes to to travel the world.
  2. b) He wishes travel the world.
  3. c) He wishes traveling the world.
  4. d) He wishes to traveling the world.

Answer: a) He wishes to travel the world.

  • Explanation: “To travel” is the infinitive, used after the verb “wishes.”

Which of the following sentences contains an infinitive used as the subject?

  1. a) To sing requires practice.
  2. b) Singing requires practice.
  3. c) She sings with practice.
  4. d) She sang with practice.

Answer: b) Singing requires practice.

  • Explanation: “Singing” is the subject of the sentence, functioning as a noun.

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “She aspires to become a renowned scientist.”

  1. a) She
  2. b) Aspires
  3. c) To become
  4. d) A renowned scientist

Answer: c) To become

  • Explanation: “To become” is the infinitive, indicating the desired outcome of the action “aspires.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) He attempts to to solve the puzzle.
  2. b) He attempts solve the puzzle.
  3. c) He attempts solving the puzzle.
  4. d) He attempts to solving the puzzle.

Answer: a) He attempts to solve the puzzle.

  • Explanation: “To solve” is the infinitive, used after the verb “attempts.”

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) They aim to reach the summit.
  2. b) They aim reaching the summit.
  3. c) They aim reach the summit.
  4. d) They aim reached the summit.

Answer: a) They aim to reach the summit.

  • Explanation: “To reach” is the infinitive, used after the verb “aim.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) She desires to to travel the world.
  2. b) She desires travel the world.
  3. c) She desires traveling the world.
  4. d) She desires to traveling the world.

Answer: a) She desires to travel the world.

  • Explanation: “To travel” is the infinitive, used after the verb “desires.”

Which of the following sentences contains an infinitive used as the object of a verb?

  1. a) She chose to to pursue her dreams.
  2. b) She chose pursue her dreams.
  3. c) She chose pursuing her dreams.
  4. d) She chose to pursuing her dreams.

Answer: a) She chose to pursue her dreams.

  • Explanation: “To pursue” is the infinitive, functioning as the object of the verb “chose.”

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “He decided to adopt a healthier lifestyle.”

  1. a) He
  2. b) Decided
  3. c) To adopt
  4. d) A healthier lifestyle

Answer: c) To adopt

  • Explanation: “To adopt” is the infinitive, indicating the action desired by the subject “He.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) She wishes to to attend the concert.
  2. b) She wishes attend the concert.
  3. c) She wishes attending the concert.
  4. d) She wishes to attending the concert.

Answer: a) She wishes to attend the concert.

  • Explanation: “To attend” is the infinitive, used after the verb “wishes.”

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) They hope to win the award.
  2. b) They hope winning the award.
  3. c) They hope win the award.
  4. d) They hope wins the award.

Answer: a) They hope to win the award.

  • Explanation: “To win” is the infinitive, used after the verb “hope.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) He plans to to explore new opportunities.
  2. b) He plans explore new opportunities.
  3. c) He plans exploring new opportunities.
  4. d) He plans to exploring new opportunities.

Answer: a) He plans to explore new opportunities.

  • Explanation: “To explore” is the infinitive, used after the verb “plans.”

Which of the following sentences contains an infinitive used as the subject?

  1. a) To succeed requires determination.
  2. b) Succeeding requires determination.
  3. c) She succeeded with determination.
  4. d) She will succeed with determination.

Answer: b) Succeeding requires determination.

  • Explanation: “Succeeding” is the subject of the sentence, functioning as a noun.

Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “She strives to achieve her goals.”

  1. a) She
  2. b) Strives
  3. c) To achieve
  4. d) Her goals

Answer: c) To achieve

  • Explanation: “To achieve” is the infinitive, indicating the action desired by the subject “She.”

Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive?

  1. a) He aims to to become a professional athlete.
  2. b) He aims become a professional athlete.
  3. c) He aims becoming a professional athlete.
  4. d) He aims to becoming a professional athlete.

Answer: a) He aims to become a professional athlete.

  • Explanation: “To become” is the infinitive, used after the verb “aims.”

In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive?

  1. a) She loves to cook delicious meals.
  2. b) She loves cooking delicious meals.
  3. c) She loves cook delicious meals.
  4. d) She loves cooks delicious meals.

Answer: a) She loves to cook delicious meals.

  • Explanation: “To cook” is the infinitive, used after the verb “loves.”

Choose the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:

  1. a) They dream to to travel the world.
  2. b) They dream travel the world.
  3. c) They dream traveling the world.
  4. d) They dream to traveling the world.

Answer: c) They dream traveling the world.

  • Explanation: “Traveling” is the correct gerund form, used after the verb “dream.”

 

Participles Rules:

Participles:

  1. A participle is a verb form that can function as an adjective or adverb. Example: The crying baby needs attention. (Present participle functioning as an adjective)
  2. Present participles end in “-ing” and past participles usually end in “-ed,” “-en,” “-d,” “-t,” or “-n.” Example: The broken vase lay on the floor. (Past participle functioning as an adjective)
  3. Present participles can be used to form the continuous tenses. Example: She is studying for her exam.
  4. Past participles can be used to form the perfect tenses. Example: They have finished their work.
  5. Present participles can be used to describe ongoing actions or states. Example: The running water sounded soothing.
  6. Past participles can be used to describe completed actions or states. Example: The damaged car was towed away.
  7. Participles can be used in reduced adjective clauses. Example: The man standing near the window is my uncle.
  8. Participles can be used in reduced adverb clauses. Example: Weather permitting, we’ll have a picnic tomorrow.
  9. Participles can be used as appositives. Example: The author, known for his suspenseful plots, has released a new book.
  10. Participles can be used to form participial phrases. Example: Walking along the beach, I found a beautiful seashell.
  1. Present Participle as Adjective:
    • Rule: Present participles (verbs ending in “-ing”) can function as adjectives to describe nouns.
    • Example: The laughing child played in the park.
    • Example: The barking dog alerted the neighbors.
    • Example: The falling leaves covered the ground.
    • Example: The running athlete won the race.
    • Example: The glowing stars lit up the night sky.
  2. Past Participle as Adjective:
    • Rule: Past participles (usually ending in “-ed,” “-en,” “-d,” “-t,” or “-n”) can function as adjectives to describe nouns.
    • Example: The finished puzzle sat on the table.
    • Example: The painted walls brightened the room.
    • Example: The fallen tree blocked the road.
    • Example: The closed door kept the room dark.
    • Example: The forgotten keys were found under the couch.
  3. Continuous Tenses with Present Participle:
    • Rule: Present participles are used to form continuous tenses, indicating ongoing actions.
    • Example: They are playing soccer in the park.
    • Example: He is cooking dinner for his family.
    • Example: We are watching a movie at the theater.
    • Example: The children are laughing in the playground.
    • Example: She is singing a song in the shower.
  4. Perfect Tenses with Past Participle:
    • Rule: Past participles are used to form perfect tenses, indicating completed actions.
    • Example: She has completed her homework assignment.
    • Example: He has eaten breakfast already.
    • Example: We have visited that museum before.
    • Example: They have painted the house blue.
    • Example: The workers have repaired the broken fence.
  5. Describing Ongoing Actions with Present Participle:
    • Rule: Present participles can describe ongoing actions or states.
    • Example: The chirping birds greeted the morning.
    • Example: The rustling leaves whispered secrets.
    • Example: The buzzing bees collected nectar from flowers.
    • Example: The dancing flames warmed the room.
    • Example: The shimmering stars twinkled in the sky.

Participles can be used to form progressive tenses.

  1. Example: She is reading a book right now. (Present participle “reading” forms the present progressive tense)

Participles can be used to form perfect tenses.

  1. Example: They had finished dinner before the guests arrived. (Past participle “finished” forms the past perfect tense)

Participles can be used to describe ongoing actions or states.

  1. Example: The running children laughed loudly. (Present participle “running” describes the ongoing action)

Participles can be used to describe completed actions or states.

  1. Example: The broken vase lay on the ground. (Past participle “broken” describes the completed action)

Participles can be used in reduced adjective clauses.

  1. Example: The girl standing near the door is my friend. (Present participle “standing” forms a reduced adjective clause)

Participles can be used in reduced adverb clauses.

  1. Example: Having finished her work, she went home. (Past participle “finished” forms a reduced adverb clause)

Participles can be used as appositives.

  1. Example: The artist, known for her vibrant paintings, exhibited her latest work. (Present participle “known” serves as an appositive)

Participles can be used to form participial phrases.

  1. Example: Reading quietly, she enjoyed her favorite novel. (Present participle “reading” forms a participial phrase)

Participles can modify nouns to provide additional information.

  1. Example: The frightened child clung to her mother. (Past participle “frightened” modifies the noun “child”)

Participles can be used in passive constructions to emphasize the action rather than the doer.

  1. Example: The cake, baked by Grandma, smelled delicious. (Past participle “baked” forms a passive construction)

 

 

MCQs on Participles

  1. In which sentence is the word in bold a present participle?
    1. a) The running water sounded soothing.
    2. b) He has always been a running enthusiast.
    3. c) Running is my favorite form of exercise.
    4. d) The running shoes are in the closet.

    Answer: a) The running water sounded soothing.

    1. Explanation: “Running” is a present participle, used to describe the water.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The broken vase lay shattered on the floor.”

    1. a) Broken
    2. b) Vase
    3. c) Shattered
    4. d) Floor

    Answer: a) Broken

    1. Explanation: “Broken” is the participle, describing the state of the vase.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) She was sitting at her desk, writing an important email.
    2. b) She was sitting at her desk, wrote an important email.
    3. c) She was sitting at her desk, write an important email.
    4. d) She was sitting at her desk, writes an important email.

    Answer: a) She was sitting at her desk, writing an important email.

    1. Explanation: “Writing” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The opened book lay on the table.
    2. b) She has opened the door for you.
    3. c) Opening the package, she found a surprise inside.
    4. d) He opened the meeting with a brief speech.

    Answer: a) The opened book lay on the table.

    1. Explanation: “Opened” is the past participle, describing the state of the book.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The excited children played in the park.
    2. b) The excited children have played in the park.
    3. c) The excited children playing in the park.
    4. d) The excited children has played in the park.

    Answer: b) The excited children have played in the park.

    1. Explanation: “Played” is the past participle, used after the auxiliary verb “have.”

    Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective?

    1. a) The barking dog alerted the neighbors.
    2. b) Barking is a common behavior in dogs.
    3. c) The dog was barking all night.
    4. d) Barking at strangers is not acceptable behavior.

    Answer: a) The barking dog alerted the neighbors.

    1. Explanation: “Barking” is a present participle, used as an adjective to describe the dog.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The tired travelers finally reached their destination.”

    1. a) Tired
    2. b) Travelers
    3. c) Reached
    4. d) Destination

    Answer: a) Tired

    1. Explanation: “Tired” is the participle, describing the state of the travelers.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) He was singing a song when the phone rang.
    2. b) He was sang a song when the phone rang.
    3. c) He was sing a song when the phone rang.
    4. d) He was sings a song when the phone rang.

    Answer: a) He was singing a song when the phone rang.

    1. Explanation: “Singing” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The closed door blocked their path.
    2. b) She has closed the window for you.
    3. c) Closing the curtains, she dimmed the room.
    4. d) He closed the meeting with a vote.

    Answer: a) The closed door blocked their path.

    1. Explanation: “Closed” is the past participle, describing the state of the door.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The fallen leaves covered the ground.
    2. b) The fallen leaves have covered the ground.
    3. c) The fallen leaves covering the ground.
    4. d) The fallen leaves has covered the ground.

    Answer: b) The fallen leaves have covered the ground.

    1. Explanation: “Fallen” is the past participle, used after the auxiliary verb “have.”

    Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective?

    1. a) The laughing children enjoyed the show.
    2. b) Laughing is contagious.
    3. c) The children were laughing loudly.
    4. d) Laughing at others is rude.

    Answer: a) The laughing children enjoyed the show.

    1. Explanation: “Laughing” is a present participle, used as an adjective to describe the children.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The fallen tree blocked the road.”

    1. a) Fallen
    2. b) Tree
    3. c) Blocked
    4. d) Road

    Answer: a) Fallen

    1. Explanation: “Fallen” is the participle, describing the state of the tree.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) She was cooking dinner while listening to music.
    2. b) She was cooked dinner while listening to music.
    3. c) She was cook dinner while listening to music.
    4. d) She was cooks dinner while listening to music.

    Answer: a) She was cooking dinner while listening to music.

    1. Explanation: “Cooking” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The painted wall brightened the room.
    2. b) She has painted the mural on the wall.
    3. c) Painting the fence, she found it therapeutic.
    4. d) He painted the picture with great skill.

    Answer: a) The painted wall brightened the room.

    1. Explanation: “Painted” is the past participle, describing the state of the wall.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The finished project impressed everyone.
    2. b) The finished project has impressed everyone.
    3. c) The finished project impressing everyone.
    4. d) The finished project impresses everyone.

    Answer: a) The finished project impressed everyone.

    1. Explanation: “Finished” is the past participle, used to describe the completed state of the project.

    Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective?

    1. a) The boiling water bubbled in the pot.
    2. b) Boiling is an effective method of cooking.
    3. c) The water was boiling on the stove.
    4. d) Boiling over, the pot made a mess.

    Answer: c) The water was boiling on the stove.

    1. Explanation: “Boiling” is a present participle, used as an adjective to describe the water.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The fallen leaves covered the ground.”

    1. a) Fallen
    2. b) Leaves
    3. c) Covered
    4. d) Ground

    Answer: a) Fallen

    1. Explanation: “Fallen” is the participle, describing the state of the leaves.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) He was playing basketball when it started raining.
    2. b) He was play basketball when it started raining.
    3. c) He was plays basketball when it started raining.
    4. d) He was played basketball when it started raining.

    Answer: a) He was playing basketball when it started raining.

    1. Explanation: “Playing” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The melted cheese added flavor to the dish.
    2. b) She has melted the chocolate for the fondue.
    3. c) Melting the ice, she uncovered the hidden treasure.
    4. d) He melted the snow with a shovel.

    Answer: a) The melted cheese added flavor to the dish.

    1. Explanation: “Melted” is the past participle, describing the state of the cheese.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The broken window let in a cold draft.
    2. b) The broken window has let in a cold draft.
    3. c) The broken window letting in a cold draft.
    4. d) The broken window lets in a cold draft.

    Answer: a) The broken window let in a cold draft.

    1. Explanation: “Broken” is the past participle, used to describe the state of the window.

    Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective?

    1. a) The roaring fire kept us warm all night.
    2. b) Roaring is a natural sound in the jungle.
    3. c) The fire was roaring in the fireplace.
    4. d) Roaring loudly, the lion scared away intruders.

    Answer: c) The fire was roaring in the fireplace.

    1. Explanation: “Roaring” is a present participle, used as an adjective to describe the fire.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The written exam was challenging.”

    1. a) Written
    2. b) Exam
    3. c) Challenging
    4. d) Was

    Answer: a) Written

    1. Explanation: “Written” is the participle, describing the nature of the exam.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) She was reading a book while waiting for her appointment.
    2. b) She was read a book while waiting for her appointment.
    3. c) She was reads a book while waiting for her appointment.
    4. d) She was reading book while waiting for her appointment.

    Answer: a) She was reading a book while waiting for her appointment.

    1. Explanation: “Reading” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The fallen leaves covered the ground.
    2. b) She has fallen asleep on the couch.
    3. c) Falling down the stairs, she twisted her ankle.
    4. d) He fell from the ladder while painting the ceiling.

    Answer: b) She has fallen asleep on the couch.

    1. Explanation: “Fallen” is the past participle, describing the state of the person.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The cooked meal smelled delicious.
    2. b) The cooked meal has smelled delicious.
    3. c) The cooked meal smelling delicious.
    4. d) The cooked meal smells delicious.

    Answer: a) The cooked meal smelled delicious.

    1. Explanation: “Cooked” is the past participle, used to describe the state of the meal.

    Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective?

    1. a) The rushing river flowed with great force.
    2. b) Rushing to catch the bus, she forgot her umbrella.
    3. c) The river was rushing through the valley.
    4. d) Rushing down the mountain, the waterfall was a sight to behold.

    Answer: c) The river was rushing through the valley.

    1. Explanation: “Rushing” is a present participle, used as an adjective to describe the river.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The fallen leaves covered the ground.”

    1. a) Fallen
    2. b) Leaves
    3. c) Covered
    4. d) Ground

    Answer: a) Fallen

    1. Explanation: “Fallen” is the participle, describing the state of the leaves.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) She was singing a song while washing the dishes.
    2. b) She was sing a song while washing the dishes.
    3. c) She was sings a song while washing the dishes.
    4. d) She was sang a song while washing the dishes.

    Answer: a) She was singing a song while washing the dishes.

    1. Explanation: “Singing” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The melted snow formed puddles on the sidewalk.
    2. b) She has melted the chocolate for the fondue.
    3. c) Melting the ice, she uncovered the hidden treasure.
    4. d) He melted the snow with a shovel.

    Answer: a) The melted snow formed puddles on the sidewalk.

    1. Explanation: “Melted” is the past participle, describing the state of the snow.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The finished puzzle lay on the table.
    2. b) The finished puzzle has laid on the table.
    3. c) The finished puzzle laying on the table.
    4. d) The finished puzzle lays on the table.

    Answer: a) The finished puzzle lay on the table.

    1. Explanation: “Finished” is the past participle, used to describe the state of the puzzle.

    Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective?

    1. a) The fallen leaves covered the ground.
    2. b) Falling is a natural occurrence in autumn.
    3. c) The leaves were falling from the trees.
    4. d) Falling leaves create a beautiful carpet on the ground.

    Answer: c) The leaves were falling from the trees.

    1. Explanation: “Falling” is a present participle, used as an adjective to describe the leaves.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The fallen leaves covered the ground.”

    1. a) Fallen
    2. b) Leaves
    3. c) Covered
    4. d) Ground

    Answer: a) Fallen

    1. Explanation: “Fallen” is the participle, describing the state of the leaves.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) She was singing a song while cooking dinner.
    2. b) She was sing a song while cooking dinner.
    3. c) She was sings a song while cooking dinner.
    4. d) She was sang a song while cooking dinner.

    Answer: a) She was singing a song while cooking dinner.

    1. Explanation: “Singing” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The painted walls brightened the room.
    2. b) She has painted the mural on the wall.
    3. c) Painting the fence, she found it therapeutic.
    4. d) He painted the picture with great skill.

    Answer: a) The painted walls brightened the room.

    1. Explanation: “Painted” is the past participle, describing the state of the walls.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The finished project impressed everyone.
    2. b) The finished project has impressed everyone.
    3. c) The finished project impressing everyone.
    4. d) The finished project impresses everyone.

    Answer: a) The finished project impressed everyone.

    1. Explanation: “Finished” is the past participle, used to describe the completed state of the project.

    Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective?

    1. a) The roaring fire kept us warm all night.
    2. b) Roaring is a natural sound in the jungle.
    3. c) The fire was roaring in the fireplace.
    4. d) Roaring loudly, the lion scared away intruders.

    Answer: c) The fire was roaring in the fireplace.

    1. Explanation: “Roaring” is a present participle, used as an adjective to describe the fire.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The written exam was challenging.”

    1. a) Written
    2. b) Exam
    3. c) Challenging
    4. d) Was

    Answer: a) Written

    1. Explanation: “Written” is the participle, describing the nature of the exam.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) He was playing basketball when it started raining.
    2. b) He was play basketball when it started raining.
    3. c) He was plays basketball when it started raining.
    4. d) He was played basketball when it started raining.

    Answer: a) He was playing basketball when it started raining.

    1. Explanation: “Playing” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The fallen leaves covered the ground.
    2. b) She has fallen asleep on the couch.
    3. c) Falling down the stairs, she twisted her ankle.
    4. d) He fell from the ladder while painting the ceiling.

    Answer: b) She has fallen asleep on the couch.

    1. Explanation: “Fallen” is the past participle, describing the state of the person.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The cooked meal smelled delicious.
    2. b) The cooked meal has smelled delicious.
    3. c) The cooked meal smelling delicious.
    4. d) The cooked meal smells delicious.

    Answer: a) The cooked meal smelled delicious.

    1. Explanation: “Cooked” is the past participle, used to describe the state of the meal.

    Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective?

    1. a) The rushing river flowed with great force.
    2. b) Rushing to catch the bus, she forgot her umbrella.
    3. c) The river was rushing through the valley.
    4. d) Rushing down the mountain, the waterfall was a sight to behold.

    Answer: c) The river was rushing through the valley.

    1. Explanation: “Rushing” is a present participle, used as an adjective to describe the river.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The fallen leaves covered the ground.”

    1. a) Fallen
    2. b) Leaves
    3. c) Covered
    4. d) Ground

    Answer: a) Fallen

    1. Explanation: “Fallen” is the participle, describing the state of the leaves.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) She was reading a book while waiting for her appointment.
    2. b) She was read a book while waiting for her appointment.
    3. c) She was reads a book while waiting for her appointment.
    4. d) She was reading book while waiting for her appointment.

    Answer: a) She was reading a book while waiting for her appointment.

    1. Explanation: “Reading” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The melted snow formed puddles on the sidewalk.
    2. b) She has melted the chocolate for the fondue.
    3. c) Melting the ice, she uncovered the hidden treasure.
    4. d) He melted the snow with a shovel.

    Answer: a) The melted snow formed puddles on the sidewalk.

    1. Explanation: “Melted” is the past participle, describing the state of the snow.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The finished puzzle lay on the table.
    2. b) The finished puzzle has laid on the table.
    3. c) The finished puzzle laying on the table.
    4. d) The finished puzzle lays on the table.

    Answer: a) The finished puzzle lay on the table.

    1. Explanation: “Finished” is the past participle, used to describe the state of the puzzle.

    Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective?

    1. a) The fallen leaves covered the ground.
    2. b) Falling is a natural occurrence in autumn.
    3. c) The leaves were falling from the trees.
    4. d) Falling leaves create a beautiful carpet on the ground.

    Answer: c) The leaves were falling from the trees.

    1. Explanation: “Falling” is a present participle, used as an adjective to describe the leaves.

    Identify the participle in the sentence: “The fallen leaves covered the ground.”

    1. a) Fallen
    2. b) Leaves
    3. c) Covered
    4. d) Ground

    Answer: a) Fallen

    1. Explanation: “Fallen” is the participle, describing the state of the leaves.

    Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle?

    1. a) She was singing a song while cooking dinner.
    2. b) She was sing a song while cooking dinner.
    3. c) She was sings a song while cooking dinner.
    4. d) She was sang a song while cooking dinner.

    Answer: a) She was singing a song while cooking dinner.

    1. Explanation: “Singing” is the present participle, used to describe the ongoing action.

    In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle?

    1. a) The painted walls brightened the room.
    2. b) She has painted the mural on the wall.
    3. c) Painting the fence, she found it therapeutic.
    4. d) He painted the picture with great skill.

    Answer: a) The painted walls brightened the room.

    1. Explanation: “Painted” is the past participle, describing the state of the walls.

    Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle:

    1. a) The finished project impressed everyone.
    2. b) The finished project has impressed everyone.
    3. c) The finished project impressing everyone.
    4. d) The finished project impresses everyone.

    Answer: a) The finished project impressed everyone.

    1. Explanation: “Finished” is the past participle, used to describe the completed state of the project.
  1. Example: The running man passed by quickly.
    • Explanation: Here, “running” is a present participle used as an adjective, describing the man.
  2. Example: The broken vase lay shattered on the floor.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “broken” is a past participle used as an adjective, describing the state of the vase.
  3. Example: Singing softly, she rocked the baby to sleep.
    • Explanation: Here, “singing” is a present participle used in a participial phrase, describing the action performed while rocking the baby.
  4. Example: The written letter was addressed to her grandmother.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “written” is a past participle used as an adjective, describing the state of the letter.
  5. Example: Having finished his work, he left the office early.
    • Explanation: Here, “having finished” is a present participle phrase, indicating the completion of an action before another action took place.
  6. Example: The dancing children performed on stage with enthusiasm.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “dancing” is a present participle used as an adjective, describing the children.
  7. Example: Invited guests arrived at the party one by one.
    • Explanation: Here, “invited” is a past participle used as an adjective, describing the guests.
  8. Example: The fallen leaves covered the pathway in the park.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “fallen” is a past participle used as an adjective, describing the leaves.
  9. Example: Reading quietly, she enjoyed her favorite book.
    • Explanation: Here, “reading” is a present participle used in a participial phrase, describing the action performed while enjoying the book.
  10. Example: The forgotten keys were found under the sofa.
    • Explanation: In this sentence, “forgotten” is a past participle used as an adjective, describing the state of the keys.

These examples illustrate how participles, both present and past, function in sentences either as adjectives describing nouns or in participial phrases providing additional information about actions.

Comparison table explaining the differences between gerunds, infinitives, and participles

 

These examples demonstrate how gerunds function as nouns, representing various activities or actions within sentences.

Here’s a comparison table explaining the differences between gerunds, infinitives, and participles, along with examples:

Aspect Gerund Infinitive Participle
Form Verb form ending in “-ing” “To” + base form of the verb Present participle (ending in “-ing”) or past participle (ending in “-ed” or irregular form)
Function Acts as a noun Acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb Acts as an adjective or part of verb tense
Example Eating is enjoyable. She likes to eat pizza. The crying baby needs attention.
Subject Eating vegetables is healthy. To swim is his passion. Running marathons requires dedication.
Object He enjoys swimming. She wants to swim every day. I saw him swimming in the pool.
Object of Preposition She is interested in dancing. He is eager to learn. They left, feeling excited.
Modifier He is good at swimming. She is happy to help. The children, playing in the park, are having fun.
Subject Complement Her hobby is painting. His goal is to succeed. The important thing is understanding.
Object Complement I consider writing a talent. We need him to lead. She found the door locked.

This table illustrates the distinctions between gerunds, infinitives, and participles in terms of form, function, and usage within sentences.

Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitive Practice Questions

Question 1: Which of the following sentences includes a gerund?

A) Kayla and Jack ran several errands after school yesterday.

B) Walking a little every morning can boost your productivity during the day.

C) I noticed she was waiting for the bus to arrive.

D) Can everyone please stop shouting and running around?

Answer: B) Walking a little every morning can boost your productivity during the day.

Question 2: Which of the following sentences includes a gerund?

A) Has anyone been making any progress in their English class?

B) Kaylee was known for running long distances at rapid speeds.

C) My absolute favorite pastime is swimming.

D) I will probably be eating tacos for dinner tonight.

Answer: C) My absolute favorite pastime is swimming.

Question 3: Which word in the following sentence is a gerund?

Standing in this growing line at the donut shop is making me late for work.

A) Growing

B) Standing

C) Making

D) There is no gerund

Answer: B) Standing

Question 4: Which word in the following sentence is a gerund?

Kayante was typing at a much faster rate than his classmates, which meant he would likely finish his essay long before everyone else.

A) Typing

B) Meant

C) Would finish

D) There is no gerund

Answer: A) Typing

Question 5: Which part of the sentence is the gerund in the following sentence?

The teacher sent him to detention for cheating.

A) Object of the preposition

B) Subject

C) Indirect object

D) Direct object

Answer: D) Direct object

Question 6: What part of speech is the participle in the following sentence?

He took a sewing class during his freshman year at the community college.

A) Noun

B) Adjective

C) Verb

D) There is no participle

Answer: B) Adjective

Question 7: What part of speech is the participle in the following sentence?

Ivan was talking very loudly to his friends during class yesterday.

A) Adjective

B) Adverb

C) Verb

D) There is no participle

Answer: A) Adjective

Question 8: What part of speech is the participle in the following sentence?

The entire afternoon was spent shopping at the mall.

A) Adjective

B) Noun

C) Adverb

D) There is no participle

Answer: A) Adjective

Question 9: What part of speech is the participle in the following sentence?

I raced past several tourists as I biked along the hiking trail.

A) Noun

B) Adverb

C) Verb

D) There is no participle

Answer: D) There is no participle

Question 10: What part of speech is the participle in the following sentence?

Baking bread has become her new favorite hobby.

A) Noun

B) Adverb

C) Verb

D) There is no participle

Answer: C) Verb

Question 11: What part of speech is the infinitive functioning as in the following sentence?

Sean needs to work through the summer so he can save up some money.

A) Noun

B) Adjective

C) Adverb

D) There is no infinitive

Answer: A) Noun

Question 12: What part of speech is the infinitive functioning as in the following sentence?

After the argument, both James and Kadin apologized to each other.

A) Noun

B) Adjective

C) Adverb

D) There is no infinitive

Answer: D) There is no infinitive

Question 13: What part of speech is the infinitive functioning as in the following sentence?

She told us that George Orwell’s 1984 is her favorite book to read during her free time.

A) Noun

B) Adjective

C) Adverb

D) There is no infinitive

Answer: A) Noun

Question 14: What part of speech is the infinitive functioning as in the following sentence?

I will be practicing for two hours every day to ensure I play my recital piece well.

A) Noun

B) Adjective

C) Adverb

D) There is no infinitive

Answer: C) Adverb

Question 15: What part of speech is the infinitive functioning as in the following sentence?

To fly high above the trees was Rachel’s greatest wish as a child.

A) Noun

B) Adjective

C) Adverb

D) There is no infinitive

Answer: A) Noun

Gerunds:

  1. Choose the sentence with the correct gerund: a) She enjoys to dance. b) She enjoys dancing. c) She enjoys dances. d) She enjoys danced. Answer: b) She enjoys dancing.
  2. Identify the gerund in the sentence: “Swimming is her favorite activity.” a) Swimming b) Is c) Favorite d) Activity Answer: a) Swimming
  3. Which sentence contains the correct use of a gerund? a) He avoids to study late at night. b) He avoids studying late at night. c) He avoids study late at night. d) He avoids studied late at night. Answer: b) He avoids studying late at night.
  4. In which sentence is the word in bold a gerund? a) The singing bird perched on the branch. b) She has sung a beautiful melody. c) Singing in the choir brings her joy. d) He sang his favorite song at the concert. Answer: c) Singing in the choir brings her joy.
  5. Choose the sentence with the correct gerund: a) Running is important for staying healthy. b) To run is important for staying healthy. c) Runs is important for staying healthy. d) Ran is important for staying healthy. Answer: a) Running is important for staying healthy.

Infinitives:

  1. Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive? a) She likes cooking dinner. b) She likes to cooking dinner. c) She likes cooked dinner. d) She likes cook dinner. Answer: a) She likes cooking dinner.
  2. Identify the infinitive in the sentence: “To read is a pleasure.” a) To b) Read c) Is d) Pleasure Answer: b) Read
  3. In which sentence is the word in bold an infinitive? a) She decided to walk to work. b) She decided walking to work. c) She decided walk to work. d) She decided walked to work. Answer: a) She decided to walk to work.
  4. Choose the sentence with the correct infinitive: a) To swim in the ocean is her dream. b) Swimming in the ocean is her dream. c) Swims in the ocean is her dream. d) Swam in the ocean is her dream. Answer: b) Swimming in the ocean is her dream.
  5. Which sentence contains the correct use of an infinitive? a) He wants to learn to play the guitar. b) He wants learn to play the guitar. c) He wants learned to play the guitar. d) He wants learning to play the guitar. Answer: a) He wants to learn to play the guitar.

Participles:

  1. Identify the participle in the sentence: “The broken vase lay on the floor.” a) Broken b) Vase c) Lay d) Floor Answer: a) Broken
  2. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a present participle: a) The running horse won the race. b) The run horse won the race. c) The runs horse won the race. d) The ran horse won the race. Answer: a) The running horse won the race.
  3. Which sentence contains the correct use of a past participle? a) The fallen leaves covered the ground. b) The falling leaves covered the ground. c) The falls leaves covered the ground. d) The fell leaves covered the ground. Answer: a) The fallen leaves covered the ground.
  4. In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle? a) The melted snow formed puddles on the sidewalk. b) The melting snow formed puddles on the sidewalk. c) The melt snow formed puddles on the sidewalk. d) The melts snow formed puddles on the sidewalk. Answer: a) The melted snow formed puddles on the sidewalk.
  5. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle: a) The finished puzzle lay on the table. b) The finish puzzle lay on the table. c) The finishes puzzle lay on the table. d) The finishing puzzle lay on the table. Answer: a) The finished puzzle lay on the table.
  6. Identify the participle in the sentence: “The fallen leaves covered the ground.” a) Fallen b) Leaves c) Covered d) Ground Answer: a) Fallen
  7. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) He was playing basketball when it started raining. b) He was play basketball when it started raining. c) He was plays basketball when it started raining. d) He was played basketball when it started raining. Answer: a) He was playing basketball when it started raining.
  8. In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle? a) The painted walls brightened the room. b) The painting walls brightened the room. c) The paints walls brightened the room. d) The paint walls brightened the room. Answer: a) The painted walls brightened the room.
  9. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle: a) The finished project impressed everyone. b) The finish project impressed everyone. c) The finishes project impressed everyone. d) The finishing project impressed everyone. Answer: a) The finished project impressed everyone.
  10. Which of the following sentences contains a present participle used as an adjective? a) The rushing river flowed with great force. b) Rushing to catch the bus, she forgot her umbrella. c) The river was rushing through the valley. d) Rushing down the mountain, the waterfall was a sight to behold. Answer: c) The river was rushing through the valley.
  11. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a present participle: a) The flying bird soared high in the sky. b) The fly bird soared high in the sky. c) The flies bird soared high in the sky. d) The flew bird soared high in the sky. Answer: a) The flying bird soared high in the sky.
  12. Identify the participle in the sentence: “The broken window needed repair.” a) Broken b) Window c) Needed d) Repair Answer: a) Broken
  13. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) He watched the falling stars in awe. b) He watched the fall stars in awe. c) He watched the falls stars in awe. d) He watched the fell stars in awe. Answer: a) He watched the falling stars in awe.
  14. In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle? a) The fallen tree blocked the road. b) The falling tree blocked the road. c) The falls tree blocked the road. d) The fell tree blocked the road. Answer: a) The fallen tree blocked the road.
  15. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle: a) The cooked meal smelled delicious. b) The cooking meal smelled delicious. c) The cooks meal smelled delicious. d) The cook meal smelled delicious. Answer: a) The cooked meal smelled delicious.
  16. Identify the participle in the sentence: “The excited children ran to the playground.” a) Excited b) Children c) Ran d) Playground Answer: a) Excited
  17. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) The barking dog alerted the neighbors. b) The bark dog alerted the neighbors. c) The barks dog alerted the neighbors. d) The barked dog alerted the neighbors. Answer: a) The barking dog alerted the neighbors.
  18. In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle? a) The fallen leaves covered the ground. b) The falling leaves covered the ground. c) The falls leaves covered the ground. d) The fell leaves covered the ground. Answer: a) The fallen leaves covered the ground.
  19. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle: a) The opened book lay on the table. b) The open book lay on the table. c) The opens book lay on the table. d) The opening book lay on the table. Answer: b) The open book lay on the table.
  20. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) The singing birds filled the air with melody. b) The sing birds filled the air with melody. c) The sings birds filled the air with melody. d) The sang birds filled the air with melody. Answer: a) The singing birds filled the air with melody.
  21. Identify the participle in the sentence: “The broken chair needed repair.” a) Broken b) Chair c) Needed d) Repair Answer: a) Broken
  22. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a present participle: a) The laughing children played in the park. b) The laugh children played in the park. c) The laughs children played in the park. d) The laughed children played in the park. Answer: a) The laughing children played in the park.
  23. In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle? a) The painted walls brightened the room. b) The painting walls brightened the room. c) The paints walls brightened the room. d) The paint walls brightened the room. Answer: a) The painted walls brightened the room.
  24. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle: a) The baked cookies smelled delicious. b) The baking cookies smelled delicious. c) The bakes cookies smelled delicious. d) The bake cookies smelled delicious. Answer: a) The baked cookies smelled delicious.
  25. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) The howling wind rattled the windows. b) The howl wind rattled the windows. c) The howls wind rattled the windows. d) The howled wind rattled the windows. Answer: a) The howling wind rattled the windows.
  26. Identify the participle in the sentence: “The tired runner crossed the finish line.” a) Tired b) Runner c) Crossed d) Finish Answer: a) Tired
  27. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) The crying baby needed attention. b) The cry baby needed attention. c) The cries baby needed attention. d) The cried baby needed attention. Answer: a) The crying baby needed attention.
  28. In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle? a) The fallen leaves covered the ground. b) The falling leaves covered the ground. c) The falls leaves covered the ground. d) The fell leaves covered the ground. Answer: a) The fallen leaves covered the ground.
  29. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle: a) The opened door welcomed guests. b) The open door welcomed guests. c) The opens door welcomed guests. d) The opening door welcomed guests. Answer: b) The open door welcomed guests.
  30. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) The sparkling water shimmered in the sunlight. b) The sparkle water shimmered in the sunlight. c) The sparkles water shimmered in the sunlight. d) The sparkled water shimmered in the sunlight. Answer: a) The sparkling water shimmered in the sunlight.
  31. Identify the participle in the sentence: “The painted house looked vibrant.” a) Painted b) House c) Looked d) Vibrant Answer: a) Painted
  32. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a present participle: a) The dancing couple wowed the audience. b) The dance couple wowed the audience. c) The dances couple wowed the audience. d) The danced couple wowed the audience. Answer: a) The dancing couple wowed the audience.
  33. In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle? a) The broken window needed repair. b) The breaking window needed repair. c) The breaks window needed repair. d) The broke window needed repair. Answer: a) The broken window needed repair.
  34. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle: a) The cooked meal smelled delicious. b) The cooking meal smelled delicious. c) The cooks meal smelled delicious. d) The cook meal smelled delicious. Answer: a) The cooked meal smelled delicious.
  35. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) The barking dog alerted the neighbors. b) The bark dog alerted the neighbors. c) The barks dog alerted the neighbors. d) The barked dog alerted the neighbors. Answer: a) The barking dog alerted the neighbors.
  36. Identify the participle in the sentence: “The excited children ran to the playground.” a) Excited b) Children c) Ran d) Playground Answer: a) Excited
  37. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) The singing birds filled the air with melody. b) The sing birds filled the air with melody. c) The sings birds filled the air with melody. d) The sang birds filled the air with melody. Answer: a) The singing birds filled the air with melody.
  38. In which sentence is the word in bold a past participle? a) The fallen leaves covered the ground. b) The falling leaves covered the ground. c) The falls leaves covered the ground. d) The fell leaves covered the ground. Answer: a) The fallen leaves covered the ground.
  39. Choose the sentence with the correct use of a past participle: a) The opened book lay on the table. b) The open book lay on the table. c) The opens book lay on the table. d) The opening book lay on the table. Answer: b) The open book lay on the table.
  40. Which sentence contains the correct use of a present participle? a) The crying baby needed attention. b) The cry baby needed attention. c) The cries baby needed attention. d) The cried baby needed attention. Answer: a) The crying baby needed attention.

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